The Mozart Effect and Infant Intelligence - 1408 Words

In modern society intelligence is highly competitive and subject to scrutiny; therefore, it is understandable that a child’s intelligence is a primary concern for many parents. The Mozart effect, popularised in the 1990s, resulted in many parents believing that simply exposing their child to music composed by Mozart would improve their intelligence (Campbell, 1997). The claim was founded by research published in the journal Nature, which suggested that spatial reasoning could be temporarily enhanced by listening to one of Mozart’s compositions for ten minutes (Rauscher, Shaw Ky, 1993). It will be argued that there is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that playing Mozart to babies will increase their intelligence. Firstly, the†¦show more content†¦A study intending to emulate the results expressed in the original study was performed on preschool aged children exposing them to similar variables as those in the original study (Hui, 2007). The study sho wed no empirical evidence that listening to Mozart is more beneficial for children than ulterior conditions (Hui, 2007). This disproves the belief that listening to Mozart makes a child smarter also making the generalization from the Rauscher et al (1993) inconclusive. There are also a number of other factors that have been overlooked when comparing the finding of the original study to the Mozart effect in children. Another discerning factor expressed in the original study was the test used to assess intelligence between the participants. The portion of the Stanford-Binet test used in the original study focuses on one aspect of intelligence, namely, spatial reasoning (Rauscher et al, 1993). Therefore, it would be invalid to assume that high scores on this specific test delineate an increase in overall general intelligence. The test itself is also bias as specific cultures outperform others, as cultural environment has an influence on intelligence, which may lead to deficits in the results found (Weinberg, 1989). Sternberg (2004) found that IQ tests are effective at predicting academic success in western individuals but are not conclusive measures of overall intelligence or ability to succeed. Gardner (1999) also proposed that IQ test alsoShow MoreRelatedDoes Playing Mozart to Babies Make Them Smarter? Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mozart Effect Resource Centre website, music educator Don Campbell made the claim that â€Å"classical music has a powerful effect on the intellectual and creative development of children from the very youngest of ages.† (Campbell, n.d.). To critically evaluate this claim a number of sources have been analysed. Through this analysis it was found that the claim cannot be supported by reliable empirical research and that classical music only produces short-term cognitive enhancement. This effect canRead More Musics Effect on Intelligence Essay1194 Words   |  5 PagesMusics Effect on Intelligence Music is said to affect the intellect of humans in several different ways. Specifically, it is said to affect infants more than any other age group. Music can improve learning skills, test taking skills, concentration, heartbeat, and relaxation. Music has been proven to offer several benefits for infants, young children, young adults, as well as for adults. With all of this in mind, how can one connect music with intellect? Many recent research studies focusRead MoreMozart Effect Field Research1740 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Mozart Effect Field Research PSYCH/600 Diana Slade September 30, 2013 Dr. Debra Jennings Mozart Effect Field Research Many parents have come to believe that music, especially classical music played during pregnancy or in the nursery of their newborns would make their precious bundle of joy smarter. Is there science to prove that this is true, or is it just a quick way to sale books, cd, and videos’. The Mozart Effect drove expectant mothersRead MoreThe Mozart Effect Essay931 Words   |  4 Pagesmusic can evoke specific thoughts and feelings from the listener. But can music –specifically the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart- summon hidden intelligences within the human brain? That is the question scientists are trying to answer. In the mid-nineties, scientists, Frances Rauscher, Gordon Shaw and Katherine Ky, claimed that music could boost the listener’s intelligence up to 9 points (Steele 2). To many, this allegation seemed a bit far-fetched and soon other researchers began recreating theRead MoreThe Mozart Effect Essay1461 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Mozart effect† is a believe that listening to music could enhance individuals’ intelligence, and therefore lead to better performance in various spheres, such as languages and arithmetics. There are researches pointed out that listening to music while tasks performance would result in significant boost of scores. The effect of listening to Mozart’s music on spatial seasoning was looked over in 1933 by Dr. Rauscher, three common tests about abstract spatial reasoning were given to the participantsRead MoreListening And Classical Music At An Early Age Helps Make Children Smarter1843 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The Mozart-Effect is the concept that listening to classical music at an early age helps make children smarter. It has long been held that learning a musical instrument also helps develop the brain differently, and can improve math ability specifically. Over the past two decades people have wondered whether or not the Mozart-effect really works. Will listening to classical music or learning how to play an instrument increase a person’s intelligence? If so, how does it affect a person’sRead MoreClassical Music: The Mozart Effect Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mozart effect is a phenomena whereby listening to ten minutes of Mozart’s music, a person’s spatial IQ is boosted by 8-9 points (on the Stanford-Binet IQ Scale), in comparison to listening to ten minutes of a relaxation tape or silence (Rauscher, Shaw and Ky, 1993). This literature review critically assesses the key works and concepts concerning the Mozart effect, specifically its methodologies, its limits, and finally, alternative theories. While some academics argue that ‘listening to MozartRead MoreThe Myth And Its Impact On Development And Aging1805 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscovery. However, the myth has caused the public to show additional inspiration in their practices. Most scholars consider this a significant achievement. On the other hand, myths relating to intelligence and intellectual accomplishments have provided their view on human brain development. Intelligence and intellectual accomplishments are some of the most treasured achievements in the American society. Every parent looks forward to bragging about their children’s academic achievements and areRead MoreThe Effect Of Mozart s Piano Sonata K448 On Patients Who Were Suffering From Epilepsy1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mozart Effect is a phenomenon that occurs when individuals listen to the two piano sonata. The stated results are individuals that are able to remember information easier. There are two studies that were conducted in associated with the Mozart Effect. The first study was dedicated to spatial skill performance and its neural pathway relation to music. The other study was dedicated to challenging the first study due to the argument that any type of music that is appreciated can cause the sameRead MoreMusic Makes Children Smarter : Music Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagessubjects. Universities have concluded that a specific part of our brain had a major role that can progress to become intellectual when exposed to classical music, and later on, was exposed to another conclusion, that classical music, only has rapid effect in specific amount of time. Professors and theorists dispute with disagreement that listening to classical music is uncertain and does not necessarily make people smarter. Listening to other music other than classical, however, was proven to be more

Business Plan For A Airasia Berhad - 5862 Words

AirAsia STRATEGIC BUSINESS PLAN THT 3107 Qian Hui Lim 408021 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary Section Page 1. The Business Plan Overview 2. Market Analysis 3. Products 4. Marketing 5. Stakeholder Relationships and Alliances 6. Organisational and Management 7. Environmental and Social Impacts 8. Risk Factors and Regulatory Compliance 9. Corporate Governance 10. Financials 11. Strategic Action Plan 12. Plan Improvement Appendices: 1. 2. 3. 1. Business Plan Overview The purpose of generating this business plan is to improve the AirAsia Berhad in the provision of air transportation services to find marketing opportunity more effectively, understand the needs and wants of each target segment. AirAsia is the Malaysia†¦show more content†¦AirAsia officially put in operation for two years, not only to pay off the debt, but also made a profit. Up to now, a total of 192 domestic and international routes, covering more than 20 countries (AirAsia Berhad,2014). AirAsia has been committed to a low-cost flight to new heights, so that now everyone can fly mission becomes a reality for six consecutive years and they also keep pursuing their vision, the world s best low cost airline along with the goal decrease fuel and oil cost per available seat per kilometer (AirAsia, 2014). 2.2 Goals and Objectives The goals of AirAsia Berhad is to provide a shorter turnaround time, cost-saving innovation and reform, safety first along with the objective of cost optimization. A basic service customer base is needed n order to locked passenger flight services to low fares in return, to honor everyone can fly commitment. AirAsia will baggage on board catering, seat selection and other personalization options become, tickets do not include these services, passengers need to be able to select the desired service in accordance with the needs of individuals (RIDING THE BOOM IN LOW-COST TRAVEL, 2010). AirAsia is committed to maximizing profits, provide cheap services. 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Several years back, it experienced tragic underperformance and reported high levels of losses every fiscal year. This was until another new company bought the organization. The latter company was referred to as Tune Air. The important element discussed in this content, is how the C.E.O of AirAsia, Antony Fernandes, revolutionizedRead MoreChallenges Faced by Managers in Practicing Organisational Behaviour6576 Words   |  27 Pagesincrease the productivity and efficiency of business in an ever changing marketplace. Armed with the tools yielded by the science of organizational behaviour, a working definition of this common term can be rendered as well as an answer to, â€Å"What do managers do?† This paper will distinguish the managerial roles practice base on the work of Henry Mintzberg and analyses managerial challenges faced by managers. As a sample of case study I have chosen AirAsia Berhad as, one of the most leading airline companiesRead MoreMicroeconomics Analysis of Air Asia3241 Words   |  13 Pagesdifference figures in the particular years. The company we selected is AirAsia Berhad. As we know Air Asia is one of the famous airline companies in Malaysia. AirAsia is a name synonymous with low fares, quality service and dependability. With over 110 routes across 13 countries, AirAsia is truly Asia’s leading airline with the widest route connectivity and largest customer base. With the unmistakable tagline, â€Å"Now Everyone Can Fly†, AirAsia has made flying affordable for more than 61million. As a largestRead MoreOrganizational Behavior in Airasia3807 Words   |  16 PagesPage 1.0 INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 1.1 Background of AirAsia Berhad †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 1.2 AirAsia’s Achievement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 2.0 CONTENT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 2.1 Decision Making Model Theory †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 2.1.1 SWOT Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 2.1.2 The Six-Step Rational Decision-Making Model †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 2. 2 AirAsia’s Practices Operations in Decision Making †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 2.2.1 Operation of SWOT Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 2.2.2 OperationRead MoreMalaysia Airline System Berhad Company Profile6229 Words   |  25 PagesAirlines is listed on the stock exchange of Bursa Malaysia under the name Malaysian Airline System Berhad. 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Flowers For Algernon Essay Prompts Example For Students

Flowers For Algernon Essay Prompts Flowers for Algernon Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes . Test and Key 1. Where is this story set? Future, in western Europe or North America 2. How old are Charlie and Miss Kinnian? 37, and 34. 3. What was the first test Charlie did, and what was it for/ What did Charlie call it? A Rorschach test, which asks the patient to say what he/she thinks of inkblots on cards. This test is to determine if Charlie is intelligent or truly retarded. Charlie called it a raw shok test. 4. How did Charlie do on the test, and why is it important? He sees no inkblots, showing that he has very little advanced thinking. He has little imagination. His brain cant do much difficult thinking, proving that he is dumb enough for the test. 5. What was the Thematic Apperception Test? It asked that Charlie look at pictures of people and make up stories about what they are doing in the pictures. This test also proves that Charlie is not very smart. 6. Who is Algernon? How does Charlie race against Algernon? Al gernon is a mouse. Charlie is given pictures of a maze that Algernon must run through to get food. Charlie must draw the proper route out of the maze in the picture before Algernon finds it himself. 7. How is Algernon special? Why does Charlie need to do this race? Algernon is 3 times smarter than other mice because he has had an operation. Charlie must race against him now so that after his own operation, the doctors can see how much progress Charlie has made. 8. What is Charlies IQ before the operation? After? What does the operation do? 68. ~204 to 210. The operation triples intelligence in the subject. 9. How do the two doctors decide if Charlie is right for the experiment? 1. He is mentally retarded. 2. He has motivation (like Algernon, but the mouse wants food), because he works hard to learn. 10. What kind of class does Charlie go to at night? A night school class for adults that are mentally retarded. Miss Kinian is the teacher. 11. Where does Charlie work? What is his job? Who is his boss? He is a janitor at a plastics factory. Mr. Donnegan is his boss. 12. Who are his friends? How do they treat him? What does it mean to do a Charlie Gordon? Frank and Joe. They make fun of him. When someone makes a mistake or does something stupid, they call it doing a Charlie Gordon. 13. Who are the two doctors who perform the experiment? What are the differences between them? Dr. Nemur is an unpleasant man who wants to become rich and famous. He is in a rush to publish his experiment as a success. Dr. Strauss is a surgeon who thinks they should wait before they say anything. He is worried about Charlie. 14. What does Dr. Strauss ask Charlie to do while he sleeps? Leave the TV on low so he can learn in his sleep. 15. What happens when Charlie drinks at the party? Joe and Frank get Charlie to show the girls how he mops toilets, so they can laugh at him. Charlie gets a little drunk, gets sick, and a policeman brings him home. 16. Who is Charlies landlady? What nice thi ngs does she do for Charlie? She is Mrs. Flynn. She lets him pay his rent late after he gets sick. She worries about him. She brings him food, and tries to encourage him to go out to work again. 17. Give examples of how the reader can tell that Charlie is getting smarter. He beats Algernon in the race. His spelling and writing get better. His dialogue with other people is more intelligent. He reads more and more books, or higher and higher difficulty. His learns several languages. He leans much math and science. He begins to think the doctors arent that smart. He starts to think other people are boring because they dont understand what he is talking about. He falls in love with Miss Kinnian, seeing her as an equal, not as an old teacher. He studies the Algernon-Gordon Effect. He predicts his own demise. 18. Why does Charlie have so much sympathy for Algernon? Algernon must pass a test every time he wants food, which Charlie thinks is not very kind. 19. What happens with Ellen? What does this make Charlie realize about his friends? Joe and Frank get Charlie to dance with Ellen. Everyone watches and someone trips Charlie. Charlie realizes this and understands that his friends are just making fun of him. 20. Why does Charlie feel sick all the time? He is afraid to see the people at work. 21. Why does Mr. Donnegan fire Charlie? What is the motivation behind it? He fires Charlie because he has been missing work, but mostly because the other workers signed a petition demanding that Charlie be fired. They want him fired because they are afraid of his new intelligence. They feel threatened by his new powers. They ostracize him and alienate him because he is different. 22. How does Charlie do on the Rorschach test after the operation? What does this tell us? He starts to see things in the inkblots, which tells us that he is developing an imagination and an advanced brain. 23. What does Mrs. Nemur do to make Dr. Nemur make quickly to publish his experiment? She wants to be married to a famous person. She is greedy. 24. How do Charlies feelings change towards Miss Kinian? What is different? He falls in love with her. He is now her equal, or her superior. He no longer sees her as an old teacher, but as a woman his age, beautiful and appealing. 25. Why does Dr Nemur develop an inferiority complex around Charlie? What does it mean? He feels angry and envious that Charlie is smarter than he is. 26. How many ancient languages does Dr. Strauss understand, and how is this important to Charlie? Dr. Strauss can only understand ancient Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. Charlie thinks this is surprising, that Dr. Strauss should know more. 27. What happens in the restaurant? How is this important in Charlies life? He sees a young busboy drop and break some dishes. The people in the restaurant laugh at the boy, and Charlie laughs too. Then Charlie realizes that people once laughed at him, and he gets angry with the people in the restaurant, screaming at them. He now un derstands what it is like to be dumb and smart. 28. What does Charlie decide to do with his new abilities after this? To spend his life increasing the levels of intelligence for all people, for the good of humanity, and for fairness among people. 29. What does Algernon do to Charlie that tells us that something is wrong with Algernon? What is happening to Algernon? He bites Charlie. The effects of the operation are wearing off. He is getting dumb again. This is important because Algernon had the same operation as Charlie. What happens to Algernon will also happen to Charlie. 30. What is the Algernon-Gordon Effect? What does it prove? It is what happens to both Algernon and Charlie. Their brains lose the effects of the operation, and they must die. 31. Why does Charlie bury Algernon in a cheese box? Because he loves Algernon and cheese is what mice love. 32. What starts to happen to Charlie? Describe his deterioration. He starts to lose his memory. Reading and spelling become difficu lt. 33. What does Charlie remember about his family? That they were not very happy. His father was a drunkard and never kept his promises. He ran away with another woman, but Charlies mom insisted that his dad was dead. This shows that we often deny the truth even when it is clear. 34. Why does Charlie chase the strange doctor out of his room? Because he makes fun of Charlie like the others once did. 35. What does Charlie tell Miss Kinnian when she comes to his door? Why? What does Miss Kinnian do for him, and why? He tells her that he doesnt like her anymore, and doesnt want to be smart any more. He is lying he wants to be smart, and he loves her, but he says these things to make her leave. Miss Kinnian pays Charlies overdue rent because she loves/loved him, and she is terribly sad about what has happened. 36. When Charlie goes back to the job at the plastics factory, how do Joe and Frank act, and why? They dont make fun of him anymore. They threaten to beat up a guy who makes fun of Charlie. They do it because they feel guilty for hurting his feelings before. 37. What does Miss Kinnian do when Charlie returns to the night school? Why? She cries and leaves. She is heartbroken -she cant live with Charlie the way he is now she is so sad about what happened. 38. Where is Charlie going at the end of the story, and why is her going there? He thinks her will go to New York to find new friends and start a new life. He takes a couple of books to read. 39. What does he say to Miss Kinnian in his final letter, and who does Charlie blame for what has happened? He says good-bye to her and tells her not to worry. He thinks that perhaps he didnt try hard enough to stay smart, even though the reader knows that isnt true. 40. What is important about the last sentence, asking someone to put flowers on Algernons grave? Charlie will die too, soon. He doesnt realize it. He will die for the same reason Algernon did. It shows that in spite of the fact that Charlie isnt very smar t, he is still kind and loving in his own way. 41. What is the irony of this story? The main irony is that society pushes away someone (Charlie), when he has the power to solve many great problems. Dr. Nemur and the workers at the plastics factory are jealous and hateful of Charlie, even though they should like him and be happy he is so smart. 42. What is the theme of the story? People are so competitive that they would rather push away a great person like Charlie rather than be near him, fearing that they will look stupid compared to him. When Charlie is dumb, everyone likes him because he isnt a threat. Society is foolish because it alienates the people who have the greatest potential to advance humanity. 43. What are the conflicts in the story: Internal: Man vs. Himself: Charlie vs. himself can he succeed? Can he fit it? Miss Kinian vs. Herself: Should she love the new Charlie, or will this be a foolish thing to do, because he may go back to being dumb. External: Man vs. Man: Ch arlie against Dr. Nemur Charlie against the plastics workers they think theyre normal. They make fun of Charlie for being dumb. They hate him for being smart. Dr. Strauss vs. Dr. Nemur: Nemur wants fame and fortune. Strauss wants to test the experiment and see if it really works. Man vs. Circumstances: Charlie vs. Society: He cannot be accepted as a dumb or a smart person. Man vs. The Unknown: Charlie vs. Universal Ethics: Charlie broke the rules by being made smart. He is paying a price of losing all the intelligence he gained, losing his love (Miss Kinnian), and losing his life. .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db , .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db .postImageUrl , .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db , .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db:hover , .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db:visited , .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db:active { border:0!important; } .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db:active , .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0d35f65024b191de73a7a21b1d41d4db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: INTERNET CENSORSHIP Essay Paper

Enjoyment of Working A Necessity Essay Example

Enjoyment of Working: A Necessity Essay There was a time when work was a factor that greatly contributed to the happiness and fulfillment of a person in his life.   Such was a time when great working relationships among people in the working place – whether it is a cozy corporate office or a noisy industrial plant – instilled in them the enthusiasm to look forward to each working day.   On top of the camaraderie among the workers, the purpose and daily meaning that they found in their work more than compensated for their unattractive payroll figures.  Ã‚     An article at New York Times written by Adam Cohen says, â€Å"The 1970’s were a slower age, and much of the workers’ pleasure in their jobs is related to the less demanding time clock.† (Internet)   Indeed, working during those years meant living life and enjoying each day, whether it is a working day or one’s day off from work.Working during those years afforded workers time for things that give them reasons to smil e while at work.   Cohen cited as examples how stewardess are required to spend time talking with the plane passengers and how a hospital worker can squeeze in his working schedule a visit to a patient who has nobody to visit him or to keep him company even just for a short while.   Having time for these small things makes people appreciate other people and appreciate life as a whole.   Workers during the earlier years also were proud of what they did and the roles they played in the course of doing their jobs.   Indeed, many would dismiss as insignificant the work of waitresses, bookbinders and gravediggers.   And yet, there are people in such jobs who see the significance of what they do and who, then, find meaning in attending to their tasks in their working places – tasks that they performed in their own unique styles. Their relatively small salaries notwithstanding, workers before appreciated the work given them and their jobs largely contributed to their self- knowledge and their sense of importance.The 21st century, though, brought in the â€Å"new ruthless economy†, (Cohen, Internet) which transformed workers into human machines who did their jobs and duties in exchange for their pay.   Cohen wrote, â€Å"High tech and new management styles put workers on what the author Simon Head calls ‘digital assembly lines’ with little room for creativity or independent thought.   As much as 4 percent of the work force is now employed in call centers, reading canned scripts and being supervised with methods known as ‘management by stress’.†Ã‚   (Cohen, Internet)   Jobs that have become available during the past years have significantly lessened the opportunities for employees to be creative and sociable people.   These days, everybody has become so busy at work; the pacing of transactions and movements has likewise become stressful.Thus, there came the years when the economy flourished and things have become hectic at work all over the nation.   The importance of personal relationships was set aside and almost everything then had to be translated to figures.   The decisions of management became foremost based on the bottom figures – whether each new issue represents profit or loss, additional income or expense – and even people were reduced into numbers and statistics.   A poem entitled, â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† ends as follows:   â€Å"Was he free?   Was he happy?   The question is absurd:   Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard.†Ã‚   (Auden, Internet)  Ã‚   The poem describes how persons can be treated as nothing but an addition to prevailing numbers representing various concerns of the society and how each person can leave no imprint of his life on earth except the contributions he made to the statistics prevailing during his lifetime.   It talks of life being bereft of relationships, passion, meaning and fulfi llment.   It actually projects life as being lived as though in a fish bowl – so limited and unexciting. The poem also projects people as mindless beings doing things in a mechanical manner characteristic of plain existence – people might as well be all robots.  Ã‚   Indeed, the present might resemble this sad picture painted by the poem, but things can be done so the needed changes would take effect.Looking at the prevailing trends and the empty, meaningless life that more and more people are living while they are in their workplaces, the question that next comes up is how America can reverse the ongoing drift and help see to the plight of the unhappily employed and unsatisfied members of the work force.   In the old days, there were workers who were dissatisfied only with the financial aspect of their jobs.   They were the teachers and other enthusiasts of their respective fields who would not trade their posts for any other but would be happier if they would be paid more for doing the things they did.   These days, the dissatisfaction is caused by both the inadequate compensation scheme in place and the general lack of enjoyment and happiness that people find in attending to their duties at work.   It is sad that millions â€Å"live in the shadow of prosperity, in the twilight between poverty and well-being.†Ã‚   (Shipler, Internet)   These are citizens for whom the American Dream is out of reach despite their willingness to work hard.   They live by the day, and they dare not look at their future which is totally unplanned for in terms of good health and financial security.   Many members of the American society belong to this caste.   They have meager means; thus, even minor setbacks like accidents can cause their entire life to be so badly affected.   The jobs they get are those so-called â€Å"dead-end† jobs, which hardly offer benefits or opportunities.   And so they take jobs simply because they cann ot afford to not take them – not taking the unattractive jobs available would mean not having food to eat and not being able to provide for their families.   They have become victims of necessity; in order to provide the basic needs of themselves and their families, they have embraced their careers without much thought of their personal satisfaction and dreams.Shipler has further written, â€Å"As a culture, the United States is not quite sure about the causes of poverty, and is therefore uncertain about the solutions.†Ã‚   In his book, Shipler has proposed that on top of the current assistance programs of the government that badly need some boost, some other steps in the right direction should as well be applied.   The society will have to do its part, while the government is hoped to implement procedures that will make life better for its constituents such as the adoption of an improved wage structure adopted, the creation of more vocational programs (in both the public and private sectors), the development of a fairer way to distribute school funding, and the sound implementation of a basic national health care plan (Shipler, Internet).Shipler does not believe that the government alone, nor any other single variable, can solve the problem.   Instead, other things will be to be as well put in place, beginning with the political will necessary for the creation of a relief system â€Å"that recognizes both the society’s obligation through government and business, and the individual’s obligation through labor and family† (Shipler, Internet).While these plans are in place and will take time to be realized, there are changes that can begin to happen now.   One big change would be in the way members of the working force of the nation generally view their jobs and what they think of the roles they play in the lives of other people.   â€Å"Work should be fun.†Ã‚   (Bakke, Internet)   Each workplace should be a h aven where â€Å"every person, from custodian to CEO, has the power to use his or her God-given talents free of needless corporate bureaucracy. A joy-filled workplace gives people the freedom to use their talents and skills for the benefit of society, without being crushed or controlled by autocratic supervisors. We defined fun to mean rewarding, exciting, creative and successful.†Ã‚   (Bakke, Internet)   Thus, Bakke hopes to lead the working people of today to regain the enthusiasm and love that people in the old days had for their work.   Despite the developments in the industrialized nation, Bakke attempts to make people see how much happier they would be by becoming like the workers during the later part of the 19th century.The machineries in place, the technologies handy and some practices have changed a lot, but some things much not change.   Even now, people still can see work as a fun thing to do.   It only requires a change in perspective and in one’s approach to work.  Ã‚   Similarly, some authors believe that if people would bring a playful attitude to their jobs and would think of work as a game, they will achieve more and find the same work more enjoyable.   There are specific ideas about â€Å"scheduling games at work, giving employees unexpected rewards, and treating employees better than customers.Even more useful, though, might be the general tips for stress reduction.   As an example of the rules given, people will have to learn to react to problems as water reacts:   it flows.   â€Å"If it gets blocked, it flows around the problem, but also gradually wears it down.   If it is dammed, it eventually finds a way over, under or though the problem.   So when all else fails, watch water flow.†   Ã‚  (Weinstein, Internet)   Some books advise that workers should learn to take themselves less seriously so as to more easily see the lighter side of things.   â€Å"Work works best when it’s regu larly infused with fun.   That makes people look forward to work – the way the aforementioned dog looks forward to jogging with its human pal – rather than dreading it.†Ã‚   (Weinstein, Internet)To start right, young people who are about to graduate and to get onboard the respective companies they have chosen should be provided ample of guidance and advice that will enable them to prepare better for the big leap that they are about to take.   Author Roberts has written:If you’re getting ready to graduate, the prospect of going out into the real world   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and starting work can be daunting†¦Ã‚   The good news is that there are many   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   opportunities for graduates (and not just in conventional ‘jobs’); tried and tested   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ways of identifying what type of work you will enjoy; and proven strategies to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   increase your chances of getting it.   The more you understand about the world of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   graduate employment, career choice and job hunting, the better prepared you will   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   be to carve out an individual and personal career for yourself, a career that you   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   will enjoy.   (Internet)Indeed, looking at the sad picture of the working class of today would make young people resolve to not end up like one of the disgruntled employees of various companies that they could see all around.   Problems of the society will be solved, and workers can do their part by solving their own issues regarding how they see their work and how they see themselves as engaged in such work.   Happiness and fun at work can be achieved; it is all a matter of seeing things differently and choosing not to be engulfed by the bureaucratic, impersonal and hectic systems of the companies today.Knowing that one must love and enjoy his work is the first step to take.Works CitedAuden, Wystan Hugh.   â€Å"The Unknown Citizen.†Ã‚   9 August 2008 http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/386.html.Bakke, Dennis W. Joy at Work:   A Revolutionary Approach to Fun on the Job.   Seattle, WA:   PVG.   9 August 2008. http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0976268604/ref=sib_dp_ptu#reader-link.Cohen, Adam.   â€Å"Editorial Observer; What Studs Terkel’s ‘Working’ Says About W orker Malaise Today.†Ã‚   New York Times.   31 May 2004.   9 August 2008. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E2D71F3EF932A05756C0A9629C8B63Roberts, Leila.   After You Graduate:   Finding and Getting Work You Will Enjoy.   New York:   McGraw Hill Education, 2006. 9 August 2008.   http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/reader/0335217931/ref=sib_rdr_ex?ie=UTF8p=S00Bj=0#reader page.Shipler, David K. The Working Poor:   Invisible in America.   Vintage Publishing, 2005. 9 August 2008.   http://www.amazon.com/Working-Poor-Invisible-America/dp/0375408908.Weinstein, Matt W.   Work Like Your Dog:   Fifty Ways to Work Less, Play More and Earn More.   Random House Children’s Publishing, 1999.   9 August 2008.   http://www.amazon.com/Work-Like-Your-Dog_Fifty/dp/0375502416.For Further Reading and ResearchKozol, Jonathan.   Amazing Grace:   Lives of Children and the Conscience of a Nation.   New York:   Crown Publishers, Inc., 1995.   This b ook details the poverty that some castes in the New York society live in.   It depicts the disparity between the lives of the rich and the poor of the society.

Biography of James Watt, Modern Steam Engine Inventor

Biography of James Watt, Modern Steam Engine Inventor James Watt (January 19, 1736–August 25, 1819) was a Scottish inventor, engineer, and chemist. He developed a workable steam engine that utilized a separate condenser; this innovation made the steam engine a useful tool for a vast range of uses. In many ways, Watts invention- or rather, his improvement on an earlier invention, the Newcomen steam engine- was the technological impetus behind the Industrial Revolution. Fast Facts: James Watt Known For: Invention of the steam engineBorn: January 19, 1736 in Greenock,  Renfrewshire, Scotland, United KingdomParents: Thomas Watt, Agnes MuirheadDied: August 25, 1819 in  Handsworth, Birmingham, England, United KingdomEducation: Home educatedPublished Works:  A System of Mechanical PhilosophyAwards and Honors: Many streets and schools carry his name; statues of his likeness in Picadilly Gardens and St. Pauls CathedralSpouse(s): Margaret (Peggy) Miller, Ann MacGregorChildren: James Jr., Margaret, Gregory, Janet, AnnNotable Quote: I had gone to take a walk on a fine Sabbath afternoon. I had entered the Green by the gate at the foot of Charlotte  Street and had passed the old washing house. I was thinking upon the engine at the time, and had gone as far as the herds house, when the idea came into my mind...I had not walked  farther  than the Golf  house when the whole thing was arranged in my mind. Early Life James Watt was born on January 19, 1736, in Greenock, Scotland, as the only surviving child of four of James Watt (1699–1737) and Agnes Muirhead (1901–1754). Greenock was a fishing village that during Watts lifetime became a busy town with a fleet of steamships. James Jr.s grandfather Thomas Watt (1642–1734) was a well-known mathematician and local schoolmaster. James Sr. was a prominent citizen of Greenock and a successful carpenter and ships chandler who worked at outfitting ships and working on their instruments, compasses, and quadrants. At various times, James Sr. was also the chief magistrate and treasurer of the town. Education James Watt was intelligent, but because of poor health he was unable to attend school regularly. Instead, he gained the skills he would later need in engineering and tooling by working with his father on carpentry projects. By age 6, James Watt was solving geometrical problems and conducting his earliest investigation into the nature of steam, which involved experimenting with his mothers tea kettle. In boyhood, Watt was an avid reader and found something to interest him in every book that came into his hands. When Watt was finally sent to the village school, his ill health prevented his making rapid progress; it was only when he was 13 or 14 that he began to exhibit his abilities, particularly in mathematics. His spare time was spent sketching with his pencil, carving, and working at the tool bench with wood and metal. He made many ingenious mechanical works and some beautiful models, and enjoyed repairing nautical instruments. Apprenticeship After his mother died in 1754, the 18-year-old Watt was sent to Glasgow to train as a merchant with his uncle John Muirhead. One of his mothers relatives was the chair of the Oriental Languages and Humanities department at Glasgow College, and Watt became a member of the literary society there. He also met other scholars at Glasgow who would prove influential and supportive of his career: Robert Dick, professor of natural philosophy, Robert Simpson in mathematics, and William Cullen in medicine and chemistry. It was Dick who suggested that Watt go to London to get training as a mathematics instrument maker. With a letter of introduction, Watt left for London in 1755 and began working with the instrument maker John Morgan. Watt was not officially an apprentice, but he did work on mechanical instrumentation: Morgan thought he was talented but took too long to complete his work. The job with Morgan ended in June 1756 and Dick got him a short-term position to work on an astronomical clock, reflecting telescopes, and transit instruments. Watt returned to Greenock at the end of the year, but he soon went back to Glasgow where he began a small business in quadrant-making. He was appointed mathematical instrument-maker at Glasgow College, supported by Dicks replacement John Anderson, and by Cullens replacement and chemist Joseph Black (1728–1799). Black is best known for his work on latent and specific heats and for his discovery of carbon dioxide, and he was to become a staunch supporter of Watt. Early Experimentation In 1759, John Robison, a student at Glasgow, showed Watt a model of the Newcomen steam engine and suggested it might be used to propel carriages. The Newcomen was invented and patented in 1703 by Thomas Newcomen (1664–1729), and Watt began building miniature models using tin steam cylinders and pistons attached to driving wheels by a system of gears. In his own experiments he used, at first, apothecaries trials and hollow canes for steam reservoirs and pipes, and later a Papins digester and a common syringe. The latter combination made a noncondensing engine, in which he used steam at a pressure of 15 pounds per square inch. The valve was worked by hand, and James Watt saw that an automatic valve gear was needed to make a working machine. This experiment, however, led to no practical result and for the next several years, he abandoned this research. Watt stayed with the college until the 1760s, when he took up a partnership with a merchant named John Craig, financed partly with Black. One venture of theirs was producing alkali from salt- in the 18th century, alkali could only be produced from plants. Craig and Watt were one of several people looking for a way to create it chemically, an effort not achieved until 1820. Watt and Craig also worked on pottery kilns and glazes for making tin-glazed delftware. Marriage and Family In 1764, Watt married Margaret Millar, known as Peggy, a cousin he had known since they were children. They were to have five children, only two of which lived to adulthood: Margaret, born in 1767, and James III, born in 1769, who as an adult would become his fathers main support and business partner. The Newcomen Steam Engine Over the winter of 1763–1764, John Anderson at Glasgow asked Watt to repair a model of the Newcomen engine. He was able to get it running, but he was curious as to why the machine consumed so much steam and condensing water. Watts began studying the history of the steam engine and conducted experimental research into the properties of steam. The Newcomen steam engine model had a boiler that was made to scale and was incapable of furnishing enough steam to power an engine. It was about nine inches in diameter; the steam cylinder was two inches in  diameter and had a  six-inch  piston stroke. Watt made a new boiler that could measure the quantity of water evaporated and the steam condensed at every stroke of the engine. Watt soon discovered that the engine required a very small quantity of steam to heat a very large quantity of water. He immediately started to determine with precision the relative weights of steam and water in the steam cylinder when condensation took place at the down stroke of the engine. James Watt independently proved the existence of latent heat, which had been discovered by his mentor and supporter Joseph Black. Watt went to Black with his research, who shared his knowledge with Watt. Watt found that, at the boiling point, his condensing steam was capable of heating six times its weight of water used for producing condensation. Watts Separate Condenser Realizing that steam weight for weight was a vastly greater absorbent and reservoir of heat than water, Watt saw the importance of taking greater care to economize it than had previously been attempted. At first, he economized in the boiler and made boilers with wooden shells in order to prevent losses by conduction and radiation. He also used a larger number of flues than Newcomen had to secure  more complete  absorption of the heat from the furnace gases. He also covered his steam pipes with  non-conducting  materials and took every precaution to secure the complete utilization of the heat of combustion. He soon discovered that the sources of heat loss in the Newcomen engine ­ were: The dissipation of heat by the cylinder itself, which was of brass and was both a good conductor and a good radiator.The loss of heat consequent upon the necessity of cooling down the cylinder at every stroke in producing the vacuum.The loss of power due to the pressure of vapor beneath the piston, which was a consequence of the imperfect method of condensation. His first attempt at a cylinder of  non-conducting  material was made of  ­wood soaked in oil and then baked, which did increase the economy of steam. He then conducted a series of very accurate experiments upon the temperature and pressure of steam by measuring the amount of steam used at each stroke of the engine. He was able to confirm his previous conclusion that three-fourths of the heat supplied to the engine was wasted. Further Improvements After his scientific investigations, James Watt worked on improving the steam engine with an intelligent understanding of its existing defects and a knowledge of their cause. Watt soon saw that in order to reduce the losses in the working of the steam in the steam cylinder, it would be necessary to find a way to constantly keep the cylinder as hot as the steam that entered it. According to James Watt: The idea came into my mind that, as steam was an elastic body, it would rush into a vacuum, and, if a communication were made between the cylinder and an exhausted vessel, it would rush into it, and might be there condensed without cooling the cylinder. I then saw that I must get rid of the condensed steam and injection water if I used a jet, as in Newcomens engine. Two ways of doing this occurred to me: First, the water might be run off by a descending pipe, if an off jet could be got at the depth of 35 or 36 feet, and any air might be extracted by a small pump. The second was, to make the pump large enough to extract both water and air. He continued, When analyzed, the invention would not appear so great as it seemed to be. In the state in which I found the steam engine, it was no great effort of mind to observe that the quantity of fuel necessary to make it work would forever prevent its extensive utility. The next step in my progress was equally easy- to inquire what was the cause of the great consumption of fuel. This, too, was readily suggested, viz., the waste of fuel which was necessary to bring the whole cylinder, piston, and adjacent parts from the coldness of water to the heat of steam, no fewer than from 15 to 20 times in a minute. James Watt had invented his all-important separate condenser. He proceeded to make an experimental test of his new invention. His little model worked very well, and the perfection of the vacuum was such that the machine lifted an 18-pound weight suspended from the piston rod. He then constructed a larger model, and the result of its test confirmed the results of his first experiments. Watt Builds His Own Steam Engine It took years for Watt to figure out the details of the new steam engine. To start with, Watt had to find a way to prevent the condenser from filling with water. He tried several approaches, including an air pump, which relieved the condenser of the water and air which collected in the  condenser and lessened the vacuum. He next substituted oil and tallow for the water used to lubricate the piston, keeping the steam tight and preventing the cooling of the cylinder. Another cause of refrigeration of the cylinder and consequent waste of power in its  operation was the entrance of air, which followed the piston down the cylinder at each stroke, cooling its interior by its contact. The inventor prevented this from happening by covering the top of the cylinder and surrounding the whole cylinder with an external casing, or steam jacket, that allowed the steam from the boiler to pass around the steam cylinder and press on the upper surface of the piston. After building his larger experimental engine, Watt rented a room in an old deserted cottage. There, he worked with mechanic Folm Gardiner. Watt had just met John Roebuck, a wealthy physician, who had, with other Scotch capitalists, recently founded the celebrated Carron Iron Works. Roebuck began to support Watts efforts financially and Watt frequently wrote to Roebuck  describing  his progress. In  August 1765, he tried the small  engine and wrote Roebuck that he had good success, although the machine was very imperfect, and informed Roebuck that he was starting to make the larger model. In  October 1765, he finished the large steam engine. The engine, while ready for trial, was still far from perfect. It nevertheless did good work for such a crude machine. Financial and Personal Setbacks Unfortunately, by 1765, James Watt was reduced to poverty, and, after borrowing considerable sums from friends, he finally had to seek employment in order to provide for his family. During a span of about two  years, he supported himself as a civil engineer, surveying and managing the building of several canals in Scotland and exploring coal fields in the neighborhood of Glasgow for the magistrates of the city. He did not, however, entirely give up his invention. In 1767, Roebuck assumed Watts liabilities to the amount of  1,000 British pounds and agreed to provide more capital in exchange for  two-thirds  of Watts patent. Another engine was built with a steam cylinder seven or eight inches in diameter, which was finished in 1768. This worked sufficiently well to induce the partners to ask for a patent, and the specifications and drawings were completed and presented in 1769. Watt also built and set up several Newcomen engines, partly, perhaps, to make himself more thoroughly familiar with the practical details of engine building. Meantime, he prepared plans for and built a moderately large engine of his own new type. Its steam cylinder was 18 inches in diameter, and the stroke of the piston  was 5 feet. This engine was built at  Kinneil and was finished in  September 1769. It was not all satisfactory in either its construction or its operation. The condenser was a surface condenser composed of pipes somewhat like those used in his first little  model and did not prove to be satisfactorily tight. The steam piston leaked seriously, and repeated trials only served to make its imperfections more evident. He was assisted with financial and moral support by both Joseph Black and John  Roebuck, but  he felt strongly about the risks he ran of involving his friends in serious losses and became very despondent. Writing to Black, Watt said: Of all things in life, there is nothing more foolish than inventing; and probably the majority of inventors have been led to the same opinion by their own experiences. Partnership With Matthew Boulton In 1768, James Watt traveled to London to get his patent submitted, and on the way he met Matthew Boulton. Boulton was the owner of a Birmingham manufacturing company known as the Soho Manufactory, which made small metal goods. He  had inherited his fathers business and built it up considerably. He and his business were very well known in the mid-18th century English enlightenment movement. Boulton was a good scholar,  with a considerable knowledge of languages and science- particularly mathematics- despite having left school as a boy to go to work in his fathers shop. In the  shop, he soon introduced a number of valuable improvements and he was always on the lookout for other ideas that might be introduced into his business. He was also a member of the famous Lunar Society of Birmingham, a group of men who met to discuss natural philosophy, engineering, and industrial development together: other members included the discoverer of oxygen Joseph Priestley, Erasmus Darwin (grandfather of Charles Darwin), and the experimental potter Josiah Wedgewood. Watt joined the group after he became Boultons partner. A flamboyant and energetic scholar, Boulton made the acquaintance of Benjamin Franklin in 1758, who then visited Soho. By 1766, these distinguished men were corresponding, discussing among other things the applicability of steam power to various useful purposes. They designed a new steam engine and Boulton built a model, which was sent to Franklin and exhibited by him in London. They had yet to become aware of the existence of James Watt. When Boulton met Watt in 1768, he liked his engine and decided to buy an interest in the patent. With Roebucks consent, Watt offered Boulton a  one-third  interest. Although there were several complications, eventually Roebuck proposed to transfer to Matthew Boulton  one-half  of his proprietorship in Watts inventions for the sum of 1,000 pounds. This proposal was accepted in  November 1769. Working Steam Engines In  November 1774, Watt finally announced to his old partner Roebuck that he had made a successful trial of the Kilmeil engine. He did not write with his usual enthusiasm and extravagance; instead, he simply wrote: The fire engine I have invented is now going, and answers much better than any other that has yet been made, and I expect that the invention will be very beneficial to me. One reason for his lack of enthusiasm was that his wife had died during childbirth the previous year, in September 1773. Heartsick, Watt buried himself in work. From mid-February 1774 he was working on thermometers and barometers. He ended his civil engineering business in Scotland (in part because of a financial crisis in Scotland) and in May he journeyed south to Birmingham, where he joined the Lunar Society. In 1775, he went into a full-time partnership with Matthew Boulton. From that point forward, the firm of Boulton and Watt was able to produce a range of working engines with real-world applications. New innovations and patents were taken out for machines that could be used for grinding, weaving, and milling. Steam engines were put into use for transportation on both land and water. Nearly every successful and important invention that marked the history of steam power for many years originated in the Boulton and Watt workshops. Retirement and Death Watts work with Boulton transformed him into a figure of international stature among men of letters. His 25-year-long patent brought him wealth; and he and Boulton became leaders in the technological Enlightenment in England, with a solid reputation for innovative engineering. Watt married Ann Macgregor in 1776 and they had two children (Gregory and Jessy), both of whom would die young. James Watt Jr., his son from his first wife, survived his father and went on to have a role in the continuing English Enlightenment. As a result of his partnership with Matthew Boulton, James Watt became a very wealthy man, building an elegant mansion known as Heathfield House in Handsworth,  Staffordshire. He retired in 1800 and spent the rest of his life in leisure and traveling to visit friends and family. He died on August 25, 1819, at Heathfield. He was buried in the graveyard of  St Marys Church in Handsworth. Legacy In a very meaningful way, Watts inventions spurred on the Industrial Revolution and innovations of the modern age, ranging from automobiles and trains to factories and the social issues that evolved as a result. In addition, Watts name has been attached to streets, museums, and schools. His story has inspired books, movies, and works of art, including statues in Piccadilly Gardens and St. Pauls Cathedral. On the statue at St. Pauls are engraved the words: James Watt...enlarged the resources of his country, increased the power of man, and rose to an eminent place among the most illustrious followers of science and the real benefactors of the world. Sources Jones, Peter M. Living the Enlightenment and the French Revolution: James Watt, Matthew Boulton, and Their Sons. The Historical Journal 42.1 (1999): 157–82. Print.Hills, Richard L. Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.Miller, David Philip. Puffing Jamie: The Commercial and Ideological Importance of Being a ‘Philosopher’ in the Case of the Reputation of James Watt (1736–1819). History of Science 38.1 (2000): 1–24. Print.The Life and Legend of James Watt: Collaboration, Natural Philosophy, and the Improvement of the Steam Engine. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019.  Pugh, Jennifer S., and John Hudson. The Chemical Work of James Watt, F.R.S. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 40.1 (1985): 41–52. Print.Russell, Ben. James Watt: Making the World Anew. London: Science Museum, 2014.  Wright, Michael. James Watt: Musical Instrument Maker. The Galpin Soci ety Journal 55 (2002): 104–29. Print.

Your Ultimate Content Marketers Guide to Keyword Research

Your Ultimate Content Marketers Guide to Keyword Research I am sure youve heard of the term keyword research before. Everyone is talking about it, yet its often misunderstood. Keyword research is the process of finding words and phrases that best represent what your site does. Keyword research is heavily based on searching behavior: We research keywords that people tend to type in the search box. The main goal of keyword research is to get your pages rank for keywords we optimize them for. This guide will take you through the process of selecting, organizing and placing the keywords in order to help you brainstorm article ideas and create content that achieves higher search rankings. Is Keyword Research Dead (Or Dying)? Its been in attention baiting headlines many times: Many of those claim both SEO and keyword research on deathbed and its been nothing new for as long as SEO exists. The truth is, neither keyword research nor SEO are going anywhere. They are evolving and maturing, yes, but not dying for sure. Neither keyword research nor SEO are going anywhere.There are more tools and trends emerging making keyword research more interesting and insightful. While it was merely finding terms with lower competition and high volume a few years ago, its more than that today. Get Your Free Keyword Research Template Bundle Do better keyword research with these three free downloadable resources: A Keyword Research List Template to store your keyword ideas (and never lose them). A Latent Semantic Indexing infographic to better understand how infusing content with secondary keywords impacts SEO. An on-page SEO checklist to fully optimize each piece of content you create.Your Ultimate Content Marketer's Guide to Keyword ResearchKeyword Research: Where to Start Keyword research starts with defining the core terms  (or seed terms or head terms). These are the most essential terms that your industry revolves around. Further into keyword research your task will be to expand the list of your core terms with various keyword modifiers. That being said, you may come across slightly different ways to explain the keyword structure, but I prefer to stick to the most simple one. A keyword consists of: Core term: Your most important word or phrase that defines your site. In the ideal world, you want to rank #1 for this term but too many sites share this desire. Keyword modifiers: Words that come with your core terms making up longer phrases that are usually easier to rank for (because not as many sites want to compete with you for those rankings). Your core term can be as broad and as generic as the nature of your business dictates. In most cases, you are the best (and maybe the only one) to tell which words define your business best. For example, if you are running a restaurant, your core term isn't really [restaurant] because you don't want to rank #1 when people simply type [restaurant]. The real word you want to rank for is whatever city you are in plus restaurant: That's what will drive customers your way. So in this simplistic scenario, your core term is something like [Austin restaurant]. On top of that, your other core terms may be: [restaurants in Austin] [restaurant in Austin] It may be really hard to rank well for [Austin restaurant], so depending on the nature of your restaurant, your keyword modifiers may be: [downtown  Austin restaurants] [vegan  restaurant in Austin] [Italian  restaurant in Austin] More generic keyword modifiers that may help you get some targeted visits may be: [Best  restaurants in Austin] [Top  restaurants in Austin] [Best-rated  restaurants in Austin], and so on Now, enough with restaurants. I understand that this article is primarily for content creators but I needed a very concrete example to illustrate the concept better. Let's say you are creating an in-depth content marketing course, then: The basic and traditional goal of keyword research is to expand your core term using all kinds of modifiers and assess which of those phrases will give you more chances to rank as high as top 5 Google search results. So let's talk about distinguishing your core terms first. Recommended Reading: How to Boost Traffic with 34 Important SEO Tips You Need To Know (+Free Kit) So How to Find Those Core Terms? Like I said, in most cases those will come from your common knowledge. If you've been in the industry at least for some time, you'll know which words flow around. However there are tools to help, of course.  Google AdWords Keyword Planner Tool  is perhaps the most useful one to start with. Type the first word that comes to mind and it will suggest more terms and phrases. For example, for [chocolate] top suggestions are: dark chocolate chocolate truffles chocolate gifts These are all solid core terms to start your research with. Another solid idea to start your keyword research with, especially if you are somewhat new to a niche, is to look for industry thesauruses and glossaries to go through most common terms and definitions. This will give you a few more ideas of core terms to start with. Even generic thesauruses will help. For example,  Thesaurus.com  is always a good start. Here are its suggestions for chocolate terms: Searching Google for [chocolate terms] will give you lots of more words to play with. Here's what I found: Tip: Create a list of your core terms that best describe your site and what you are going to cover. This list should be quite short though: Don't list more than 10 terms. How to Find Valuable Keywords? Simply expanding your list with longer phrases isn't enough. The actual goal is to find valuable keywords. Simply put, a valuable keyword is the one that has a high demand and a low competition. This means that enough people type this phrase in a search engine for you to go into trouble to create content for it while not too many publishers have already created content targeting that exact word for you to have a chance to rank high. As you can imagine, it's not really easy to find keywords like this because web publishers and marketers have been searching for them for many years now. Luckily, there are tools to help. I have explained a quick  keyword research exercise here. In short, using the tool like  Serpstat, you need to find keyword phrases with high search volume (i.e. high demand) and low competition (i.e. low offer) If chocolate is your major topic, here would be your lower-competition phrases that offer pretty exciting content ideas: Mind that any of the above can be expanded further: Just click any phrase and the tool will suggest even more ideas: These are all great content ideas and you can estimate the demand (search volume) and offer (competition) at a glance too. However, take the competition number with a grain of salt. It is based on the aforementioned Google AdWords Keyword Planner Tool competition metric, however it doesn't reflect the organic search competition: It shows how many advertisers want to pay to show their ads for that term, so it is not always the competition you are looking for. For example, Google will label competition for the word [chocolate] as "low", however it's almost impossible to actually rank for that word in Google, because it's too common and too many powerful publishers already rank for it... Tip: Expand your core terms using keyword research tools based on competition and search volume metrics. Use your best judgment when assessing competition because some terms may have low competition but can be actually impossible to rank for. So How to Better Estimate Competition? When you finally have the list of the keywords you want to base your content around, make sure you actually search Google  and scroll through top 10 results. Here are a few flags I am using: Are there articles ranking high or rather home pages?  It will be harder to compete with home pages because they usually accumulate lots of positive signals. Home pages are the most powerful pages of pretty much any website. How many really huge websites rank on top?  For example, Wikipedia links are almost impossible to outrank. But there are other huge publishers that dominate every other niche, like imbd.com, popsugar.com, buzzfeed.com and others. If top positions in search results are dominated by huge brands, that will be hard to beat. You can go even geekier and search for [allintitle:keyword]. This will show how many web pages have that term in the page title (i.e. headline). This is exactly how many web pages you are competing with. Another thing to always check in Google is the presence of blended results, i.e. other types of search results Google may show on top of their generic blue-and-white results. These can be: Image search results, Shopping search results News search results. This is an example of shopping search results: Serpstat  shows whether these blended search results appear if you search for any keyword in their list: These may indicate that a particular keyword is not worth too much effort because there will be too much of something else all around search results for users to find your article: Tip: Actually search Google for each phrase you select and see whether you have a chance to rank in top 5 there. Apart from signaling of a potential cluttered search results page, these "blended" search results often signal of two important things: Usually they appear for more popular (more competitive) terms They may signal of keyword intent which is something we'll talk more about next. Recommended Reading: How to Make an SEO Content Strategy that Will Improve Your #1-3 Results by 248% What Is Keyword Intent? Keyword intent represents what the searcher may be willing to do when searching for a particular phrase.  Keyword intent is the most important concept when it comes to keyword research. It determines how well you can satisfy the user who comes to your site from search results. There are three major types of keyword intent: Informational: A user is looking to find answers to their questions. For example, [chocolate history] signals of informational intent. Trasactional: A user is looking to buy something. For example, when a user is searching for [personalized chocolate], they are most likely to buy some. Another example with the definitive transactional intent is [order chocolates online] Navigational: A user wants to find a specific brand, for example [hershey chocolate] Content marketers also distinguish "commercial intent", that is when a user researches something before buying one. Taking our chocolate example above, if a user searches for [chocolate gifts], they are most likely to be interested in buying some gifts but they may also be interested in reading your article listing most unique chocolate gift ideas together with suggestions where to find them. Recommended Reading: How to Improve Your Keyword Research with Latent Semantic Indexing How to Organize Those Keywords? So you go through lists and lists of keywords... how to make use of them to turn into a long-lasting content marketing plan? Here are a few ways to organize your keywords: Organize by Intent The first step is to organize keywords by intent: Keywords with informational intent. Those are outright content ideas to add to your content editorial calendar. Keywords with transactional intent. These are seldom content ideas. You'd better hand those off to your product development team. Keywords with commercial intent. Those are keywords that require some more brainstorming: You need to actually have the products in mind in order to create content around these keywords because your readers will ultimately be interested in making an action (i.e. buying). If you have a product to sell, think which type of content would be best to direct those visitors into your sales funnel. Maybe that could be a downloadable guide or a list article. If you monetize your site through ads and affiliate programs, think which ones would be good to list in content here. Keywords with navigational intent may become part of your reputation management strategy or competitive research. Organize by Action Some keywords may be good ideas for future content Some keywords may be used to optimize or update old content Organize by Content Type Depending on your site, different keywords may become different content forms: FAQ pages Blog posts Indepth articles (Maybe with pdf downloads available) On-site glossaries Product reviews Various types of cornerstone content Finally, not all keywords need to represent a separate content piece. Lots of keywords will become sections of broader articles which is something we'll talk about in more detail. Excel or Google Sheets are by far the best way to play with your keywords and organize them using multiple labels: Tip: Carefully go through your keyword lists and organize them by intent, action to take with the keyword and the type of content you plan to create. How Do Keywords Structure Your Content? As I mentioned above, not all keywords will necessarily become a separate piece of content idea. Some of them will become subtopics of articles. When doing keyword research, I usually create "tree-like structure" for sets of phrases that would make separate articles. For example, if you decide to write an article on [coffee quotes], a separate article idea would be [morning coffee quotes]. monday coffee quotes sunday coffee quotes tuesday coffee quotes wednesday coffee quotes saturday coffee quotes All those were taken from the actual Serpstat export: You'll save lots of time writing future article creating these trees while still doing your keyword research. They will direct your writing helping you create more in-depth content. These will also make up your article subheadings (those H2 or H3 headers you see in most articles here). If you get even geekier, you can generate the clickable table of contents using those subheadings. This way there will be even more visible instances of the keyword in the page: Use  this plugin  to generate a clickable table of contents for each of your articles. Tip: When organizing your words, think which words are going to become separate content pieces and which one will be used inside broader articles as subtopics. If you prefer to write long-form content, those tree-like notes will help you expand your article using different angles. You can also move each tree to a different file or tabs. To avoid spreadsheet overload I do two things: I always make sure I use labels in my Google Spreadsheets to easier organize my article ideas I collect them all through a separate dashboard in  Cyfe. You can iFrame as many Google Docs there as you want and have them all in front of your eyes whenever you are ready to work on your editorial calendar: Recommended Reading: How to Write Like a Journalist to Be a Better Marketing Storyteller Where to Put Those Keywords? This is another highly misunderstood area. It used to be as simple as making sure your keyword is placed often enough in the text and that every page of your site targets one specific keyword. A few years ago you would have been advised to create two separate pages, one target [Austin restaurants] and another targeting [restaurants in Austin]. Things have changed dramatically since then. For one, search engines have become much smarter and you cannot trick them into thinking your page is worth ranking simply because it has a high "keyword density". Besides, in-depth content covering many sets of different keywords is a preferred optimization model these days. So where to put those keywords? For good keyword prominence, I suggest making sure your keyword is included into: Your article headline (And thus the page title). That's what Google usually picks as the clickable link in their search results too! Your URL slug First paragraph of the article Article subheadings Of course, you'll end up with more keyword instances throughout the article (because you'll actually write about the topic) but the above placements will ensure your keywords are easy to notice and associate with your content. Recommended Reading: This is the HTML Cheat Sheet and Tutorial Every Content Marketer Needs Going Beyond Keyword Strings: Synonyms, Entities, and Context Google is going  beyond exact strings  of words that make up phrases. It is now looking for signals of quality content, mentions of known concepts, related terms, synonyms. All of these will tell Google that the author has done your research and tackle different aspects of the topic. That being said, keyword research is not enough to create high-quality high-ranking content. You need to research the topic, and then research some more, making the lists of notable brands, events, places, etc. (these are all entities) and thinking which of those should be covered in your content.  Here's a good guide on content research process  for your further reading. Make sure you are well versed with industry terminology, that you know different ways to explain those niche-specific terms, that you use lots of synonyms and that your writing is rich in references and visual explanations. Those are all  signals of high-quality content  but not just that. The more effort you put into your content research, the more backlinks and social media shares it will generate, driving long-lasting traffic to your website.

Public Policy and Opinion Polls Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public Policy and Opinion Polls - Coursework Example It should be noted that their views do not necessarily reflect those of the people but ought to, at least ideally. Policy content, on the other hand, is a result of actions and beliefs held by the political elite who birth political processes and set them in motion. Decision-making, political procedures and institutions are heavily dependent on the political elite echelon (Dye, 2010). The overall effect of this are laws which are meant to serve and govern the people but which they really have no say over. This is because national opinion polls, though dubbed inaccurate, on several occasions show a sentiment which differs from that held by those who stand for political process (Dye, 2010). This phenomenon is shows an antagonistic trend between policy content and the public. We ought to be concerned because political processes ought to have the interest of the common man as its central motive. This is true, at least on most occasions. A conclusion can thus made that political processes have a huge influence on decision making procedures, especially those concerning policy

Lobbyists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lobbyists - Essay Example Lobbying is therefore, the practice of promoting, opposing, or in any manner influencing or attempting to influence the introduction, defeat, or enactment of legislation before any legislative body; opposing or in any manner influencing the executive approval, veto, or amendment of legislation. It is also the practice of promoting, opposing, or in any manner influencing or attempting to influence the enactment, promulgation, modification, or deletion of regulations before any regulatory body (Smith). A lobbyist is therefore a term that includes the following; a person who receives compensation from another person, group or entity to do the lobbying work. A lobbyist is also the person who lobbies as a regular and usual part of employment irrespective of whether there is compensation in addition to regular salaries and benefits is received. a lobbyist is also the a consultant to the state, county, or municipals parts of the government, they are employed to make an influence legislation or regulations irrespective of whether they are paid or not; in full or in part the funds that relates to these forms of government (Luneburg, William, and Susman). Lobbying is quite an important act given the experience they give to the Lobbyist groups. From research it is clear that experienced and successful lobbyists extensively understands the legislative process and therefore they have a strategic plan which enables them to ensure a close follow up that is quiet significant to the client or group that they present. The understanding of the process is quite complex due to the increased competition of the recent past in the field. Lobbying through the Lobbyists helps the congress to follow issues in a timely manner making issues to be handled quite in time due to the avoidance of the delay likely to be created. This is driven by the fact that opportunities and challenges often present themselves with quite a short time to respond to such allegations prompting the need for lobby ing and lobbyist groups. Ongoing, active representation in Canadian legal departments is critical to effectively responding to these situations (Luneburg, William, Thomas, Susman, and Gordon). Lobbying is therefore meant to help specialists groups which may be of a special religion, belief or industry to get their voices to be heard by members of any law making body of a nation. In addition, lobby groups of large amounts of money are able to influence the opinions of the crowds in their favor making politicians against them vulnerable (Smith). Currently, Lobbying has become a way for corporations, religions, and other private and special interest groups present their influence over the legislature and essentially circumvent the standard law-making procedure. Lobbying is therefore protected by the model of government in place and since corporations and other special interests are legally considered a singular entity, they are represented in the same context in Congress (Smith). The d ata from the office of the Commission of Lobbying of Canada shows us the various lobbying groups that exists in

Brigham and Houston Essay Example for Free

Brigham and Houston Essay 1. Whenever we are interested in buying a bond from the bond market, the bonds issuer promises to pay back the principal (or par value) when the bond matures (Brigham and Houston, 2001). During this time, the issuer is obliged to pay interest in order to compensate the use of money. The interest payment is made on coupon rate which is fixed. There is an inverse relationship between the coupon rate and the bond prices, when: †¢ Interest rate increase, leads to rise in income, whereas the price of the bond declines. †¢ Interest rate decrease, leads to decline in income, whereas the price of the bond rises. Also we need to consider that the coupon rate is inversely related to duration because higher coupon rates lead to quicker recovery of the bond’s value, resulting in a shorter duration, relative to lower coupon rates. If coupon rate is greater than the market rate then it is favourable for issuer and if coupon rate is less than the market rate then it is favourable for purchaser (Brigham and Houston, 2001). The reason behind the variations in the coupon rates of various bonds is the market interest rate; company’s performance, time length, and credit worthiness of the issuer. So, all these factors have an implication on the bond yields. 2. Ratings of these bonds are determined on the basis of both qualitative and quantitative factors some of which are listed below: †¢ If a company uses conservative accounting policies, its reported earnings will be higher than if it uses less conservative procedures. †¢ Various ratios including the debt ratio and the Times Interest Earned (TIE) ratio also have some implications on these bond ratings. †¢ If company explores any new sites containing oil, gas, coal fields etc. †¢ Increase in the company’s sales net profit increase both domestically and internationally also uplift the bond ratings and it showed that debt holder show the confidence on the company’s policy. Bond ratings might take a downward leap when: †¢ There is a signal of bankruptcy, internal mismanagement and financial distress in the firm (Helfert, 2001). †¢ When the company does not abide by the law, i. e. it breaches the laws, this may be related to environment, etc. †¢ When the product life cycle is going downwards and company can’t add more products in their product line. †¢ Negative bond covenants also hits the bond ratings of the company. †¢ Labour unrest or strikes may cause instability in the bonds ratings. †¢ Economic recession in the country. 3. We know that whenever the interest rate rises, bond prices tend to fall, and when rates fall, bond prices tend to rise (Helfert, 2001). This primarily occurs due to the economic condition of the country and also because of the market sentiments. If the price of the bond goes down it is less attractive (pays less interest) in comparison with current offerings and when the price of the bond goes up it is more attractive (pays more interest) in comparison with current offerings. This may also be described as when the coupon rate is greater than market rate then it is favourable for issuer and if coupon rate is lesser than market rate then it is favourable for the purchaser. Some bonds are sold below par value, which means (at discount) or greater than par value, which means (at premium). This mainly occurs due to the risk perceived for the debt of that particular organization. Market interest rate fluctuations usually effect the performance of the bonds in the secondary markets. Federal bank monetary and fiscal policy, inflation rate, recession in the economy, etc are the factors that may force organizations to sell the bonds at discount or at premium. One must also consider that sale of bonds on discount or at premium also has some impact on the yield and also the maturity of the bond, the shorter a bonds maturity, the less its duration. Bonds with higher yields also have lower durations. Also the company’s performance reflects in bond valuations, i. e. its bond ratings, bond covenants and credit worthiness etc (Helfert, 2001). 4. The yield to maturity (YTM) is a reflection of the return on investment, that is earned at the current price, incase the bond is held by the issuer to its date of maturity and redeemed at par value. In other words, YTM is the discount rate that equates the present value of future inflows from the bond equal to its present price.

Rawls Justice Is Fairness :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Phil.104   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Word Count:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Take Home Exam # 1: Essay-2 John Rawls never claimed to know the only way to start a society, but he did suggest a very sound and fair way to do so. He based his just scenario on two principles of justice. His first principle of justice was that everyone should have the same rights as others. His following policy decision was that in the event of any inequalities, they should be to the benefit to everybody, and available to all people in the society. This original Rawl’s approach to justice has been highly revered by philosophers to this day. This is mostly because Rawl’s has thought up one of the fairest Utopia since the days of Socrates. This is not an easy of a task as it sounds. Though when analyzed by even the most naà ¯ve philosophers, it seems that Rawl’s scenario base of principles are pretty obvious and simple. Maybe because some of these same principles can be found in present day society. The United States tries to pride itself in maintaining these two principles at all costs. I n some countries even regarding these principles as fair can cause you to go away for a very long time. The most commonly known to the term â€Å"political prisoner† is Gedhun Choekyi Niyami, the eleventh Panchen Lama, as proclaimed by the Dalai Lama in 1995. The record holding youngest political prisoner is a nine-year-old Chinese boy seized by the Chinese Government. A parent should have no fear of losing a child like this. Under Rawl’s system, tragedies such as this are virtually impossible. Under the first principle that states the rights of all are equal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rawl’s principles were found justified by visualizing real people forming a system of laws including the ramifications of a â€Å"justified complaint†. A justified complaint is an accusation by a member of society against another member of society. To have a system of justice the society must have means of answering the beckoning of the populace. If a society does not attend to the offense of its own people then it is not a true society. Society is based on the principle of a consensus unanimously choosing their governing rules and laws. However the limitations of a â€Å"justified complaint† are unclear depending on what the consensus agrees to. Though the one rule that must apply is the fact that a complaint must be made by a law abider to be a â€Å"justified complaint†.

The Surprise Party

The Surprise Party At eight o’clock of the evening of my lucky birthday, I was alone at home grumbling and frowning, shouting furiously and pitying myself for my misfortune. I thought it was going to be a special day filled with presents and fun, but all I received was a â€Å"Happy Birthday†. All of a sudden, the electricity cut off and there was a complete darkness in the house. I couldn’t do anything therefore I decided to go to sleep and end this unlucky day. Out of the blue in that quiet night, I heard a sudden noise coming from downstairs. I was startled and terribly shocked. I suspected that someone broke into the house. Immediately, I tried to phone my parents, but I had no answer. I phoned the police but my mobile was without credit! After a couple of minutes of fear, I started to calm down. Although in the meantime I heard more noises of people talking, I made some courage and started heading for the basement. As I slowly reached more and more the basement, I guessed there were more than one person, but I found it hard to believe. There couldn’t be a lot of people in our basement! Courageously, I opened the door of the basement. There was a complete darkness. There wasn’t a single noise. However, as I approached, I heard some laughter and confirmed that there were people. All of a sudden, the lights were on and there were my parents and friends cheering at me. It was a surprise party!! On a table where there were the cake and the food, there were the precious presents that I wished for a long time.

Baker Project Proposal

Flogger is the solution for your commerce struggles. Google Flogger is selected by other organizations for services the company lacks in, which it could be in marketing. The purpose of using Google Flogger is to be national expose by marketing the store and products. The idea of not testing the market, a stateside fishing outfitters corporation like this one will not survive or chant compete against aBrand Name fishing outfitters corporations. In the battle of commerce many companies will take a risk and to compete for consumer dollars. Our main goal is to build a customer relationship for market research and/or gives a demo about how your product is unique. By using Google Flogger we can allow and Increase collaboration between employees, partners, customers, and suppliers through your products. Eventually this may lead to an Increase In sales, growth, and revenue. Business Needs/CaseOur web specialist Is working on a solution to help senior management on this e- business transforma tion. The business Is starting to develop a data based culture which means business can track data and use data to make business decisions. Business Objectives The business objectives for this project are to Increase profitability, customer service, efficiency and growth In business operation. By utilizing the objectives, the business may build strong culture and typically employee experience greater engagement.

4 Tips for Writing a Great UIUC Essay

4 Tips for Writing a Great UIUC Essay SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Thinking of attending the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign? Then you've come to the right place. For this highly ranked public school, you'll need to submit a personal statement with your application. But what should you include in your UIUC essay to make you stand out? Read on to learn what the current UIUC essay prompt is and how to write a great UIUC essay. We also show you a real UIUC essay example to give you an idea of whata great statement looks like. Feature Image: Adam Jones/Flickr What Is the UIUC Essay? All applicants must write one UIUC essay on the major they've chosen and explain why they are interested in this particular major and/or field of study. You will get just one essay prompt (it's not like theCommon App essay, which offers you several prompts to choose from). Here is this year’s prompt for the UIUC essay: Explain your interest in the major you selected and describe how you have recently explored or developed this interest inside and/or outside the classroom. You may also explain how this major relates to your future career goals. If you're applying to the Division of General Studies, explain your academic interests and strengths or your future career goals. You may include any majors or areas of study you're currently considering. If you’ve indicated on your UIUC application a second-choice major, then you must submit another essay on this major as well.The prompt for this essayis the same as the one above- you just need to write on the other major you've chosen and explain why you're interested in it. If you don't put down a second major on your application,you only need to write one UIUC essay. The UIUC essay must be 300-400 words in length,making it a bit shorter than your typical college essay, which is usually 500-600 words long. How to Write the UIUC Essay: Topics and Tips The University of Illinois essay is an important part of your application since it’s the only personal essay you’ll write for the school. This makes it theonly area on the UIUC application in which you can show off your personality, academic passion, and storytelling skills. The overall point of this statement is for UIUC to learn more about you as a person and why you're interested in the major you’ve selected. Though the UIUC essay prompt above might look daunting, the questions it asks are actually pretty simple. The three basic parts of this prompt are as follows: What is the major you've selected? How did you develop an interest in this major/field? What excites you about it? How do you plan to make a career out of this major/field? You could write about how you developed this interest through school (e.g., you took a class in marine biology) or outside school (e.g., you participated in a marine science club). In your UIUC essay, you must focus on your commitment to the field you’ve chosen to major in, taking care to touch on the past, present, and future- in other words,how you developed this interest, how it currently figures into your life, and what you plan to do with it in the future. UIUC is pretty clear about what it’s looking for in this essay. In fact, the official University of Illinois website offers applicants six key tips on how to approach the UIUC essay: Be memorable Be prepared Be yourself Be focused Be current Be professional In addition, UIUC has a YouTube series on admissions counseling that includes some useful videos with tips on how you can write an effective UIUC essay: Now then, what are some possible topics you could write about in your UIUC essay? Here are just a few examples: A specific (positive) experience you had, either in or outside school, with the field you plan to major in. Example:You spontaneously decided to enter a science fair, which helped you realize you have a passion for inventing things. A specific person, such as a teacher, parent, or friend, who introduced the field to you. Example: Your sophomore English teacher encouraged you to try the National Novel Writing Month event, which furthered your interest in creative writing. The first class you took in the field, why you chose to take this class (if you chose to take it), and how taking it inspired you to continue studying the field. Example: After takinga cooking class freshman year, you began to grow more interested infood science, leading you toread up on the topic in your spare time and start a cooking blog. A club/activity you did that introduced you to the field or allowed you to learn more about it. Example: You joined your school’s Spanish club in an attempt to raise your grade, but after making a few close friends through the club, you started to realize how much you actually enjoyed the challenge of communicating in Spanish. How you weren't initially interested in the field but gradually became interested in it due to the influence of a specific person, a book you read, a speech you heard, and so on. Example: You always despised commercials, but after seeing a particularly funny ad one day, you decided to look more into how this ad was created and why it was so successful in drawingviewers; now, you want to major in advertising. As you write the UIUC essay, make sure to connect your topic to the now.Simply put, what are you currently doing to learn more about this field and to keep it an active part of your life? For example, maybe you plan to major in English and now follow a rigid schedule of writing in a journal every day, even when you really don’t feel like writing or you have nothing interesting to say. Additionally, try to discuss your future with your intended major. Ask yourself: what do you hope to do professionally with this major? Do you have a dream job or career in mind? How will this major help you achieve your professional goals? How will UIUC specifically help you? Think about how possible classes; academic, professional, or extracurricular opportunities; and programs at UIUC could further yourfuture goals in the field. For instance, if you want to major in math, you could mention in your UIUC essay how you’re interested in participating in the several math contests available at the university, and how you feel these events will help mentally prepare you to pursue an advanced math degree. Finally, as with any college essay, there are a few things you should absolutely avoid doing in your UIUC essay: Focusing way too much on the past: While it’s OK to mention your childhood, especially if you developed your academic interest early on in life, UIUC wants to know more about you now, as a promising young adult, than it does you as a merely curious kid. Too many negatives: It’s perfectly fine (and expected) to have faced challenges in the field you’ve chosen and in life in general. Just be sure to puta positive twist on your topic so that you come across mature, wise, and goal-oriented. A Real UIUC Essay Example + Analysis To help give you a better idea of what your own UIUC essay could look like, here is one real UIUC essay example we found online, written by an admitted student. Note that this essay responds to a slightly different prompt (though it's still pretty similar to the current UIUC essay prompt) and has a slightly shorter word limit of 300 instead of 400 words. Here is the prompt: In an essay of 300 words or less, please discuss your academic interests and/or professional goals. And here is the essay: As a senior in high school, I believe I have my mind set on how I want my life to go after I graduate from Bloom Trail High School and move on to the "real world." While attending the university of my dreams, I will study biology while taking pre-med classes. Afterwards, I will attend medical school and study to become an obstetrician. I have an interest in studying biology while in college. After my biology honors class freshman year, I have always had an interest in the study of life. The units that I loved learning about the most were reproduction and the human body. The two struck my interests the most in the class, and even influenced me to take AP Biology my senior year and decide to major in biology in college. I also have an interest in math, which has been my best subject in school for as long as I can remember. Unlike most, math comes easy to me and since it is universally used everywhere for everything, it is probably one of my best skills, interests, and assets. My personal career goal in life is to become an obstetrician. I have a love for newborn babies and I feel this would be the most rewarding career I could have. I also would love to come back to the Chicagoland area where I was born and raised to help pregnant women and their babies have a safe and healthy lifestyle before, during, and after birth. My goal is to assist people in my community. I will feel accomplished with my life as long as I help others. Even if I only successfully help one woman and her family, I would be satisfied with myself forever. Source What Makes This UIUC Essay Work? It's clear, focused, and easy to follow:The applicant doesn’t dawdle and gets straight to the point by explaining their desire to study biology and take pre-med classes at the University of Illinois. We also learn at the start that they want to become an obstetrician; this helps us keep track of the direction of the essay. Word choice isconsistently clearas well, making the essay both relatable and easy to understand. It’s full of passion:This UIUC essay focuses on how the applicant developed a strong interest in biology, math, and pre-med, and it does a fantastic job emphasizing their passion for these fields. We learn how they became fascinated with the human body and developed a desire to help others, specifically women and newborn babies, by becoming an obstetrician. The final sentence is what really brings home the applicant's devotion to medicine and service. How Could This UIUC Essay Be Even Better? It could be more specific and creative:Although this UIUC essay is well written and tightly focused, it isn’t super specific or creative in terms of storytelling. Some admissions officers might find it a little dry and boring. Therefore, this essay could have been a more effective narrative had itincluded or opened with a personal anecdote, such as a conversation the applicant had with someone in the medical field. It could have more personality:Although we understand that the applicant is interested in studying biology and working in the medical field, we don’t get a clear sense of their voice or personality here. Had the applicant incorporated more details unique to their life or view, we readers could've felt closer to knowing who they are and what they value. 4 Essential Tips for Writing a Great UIUC Essay To wrap up, here are four essential tips to keep in mind as you write your U of I application essay. #1: Don’t Just List Your Extracurriculars While the UIUC essay prompt asks about your chosen major and what types of activities (school or otherwise) you’ve done related to your major, you don’t want to simply list your extracurriculars in your essay. The point of the UIUC essay is to give the admissions committee more detailed and personal commentary on why you’ve selected this major, what personally drew you to it, and how you believe this major will benefit your future. #2:Pace Yourself You’ve only got one major essay to write for the UIUC application (unless you put down a second-choice major on your application, in which case you'll need to submit another essay on the same prompt), so definitely take your time with it! This year,the UIUC deadlines are November 1 for early action and January 5 for regular decision. I recommend starting your U of I application essay at least two months before the application is due. This should give you plenty of time to brainstorm potential topics, write a rough draft, edit your draft, and get feedback (see Tip 4 for more details on how to do this final step). #3: Highlight Your Passion The UIUC essay might sound as though all you’re doing is simply stating what major you want to study and why- but it’s a lot more than this. With this essay,what you're really trying to do is demonstrate your academic passion to the UIUC admissions committee. In other words, what motivates you to learn? What drives you more than anything else? And why are you so enthusiastic about the field/major you’ve selected? By highlighting your passion for your intended major, you’re also showing the UIUC admissions committee who you are and what’s important to you, both academically and more broadly. To really make your passion stand out in your University of Illinois essay, take the following steps: Be as specific as possible- give us real names and use visceral descriptions to make us feel as though we’re there experiencing and feeling everything with you Be honest- the admissions committee wants to get to know the real you, and it can only do this if you’re writing in an authentic voice that’s true to who you are #4: Polish and Proofread My final tip is to give yourself plenty of time to polish and proofread your UIUC essay. In your rough draft, keep an eye out for obvious typos and technical mistakes, such as errors in punctuation, grammar, and spelling. Also, look for any areas that are awkward, incomplete, out of place, or unclear. Once you’ve edited your essay on your own, give it to someone else to read, such as a parent, teacher, or tutor.Ask them to make technical corrections as needed and to offer you advice on what you might be able to improve in terms of story, cogency, and overall effectiveness. What’s Next? Applying to other colleges in the midwest? Check out our expert guides to how to write the UChicago essays, the Notre Dame essays, andthe Michigan State essay (coming soon). If you're using the Common App to submit your college applications, you'll need to figure out which essay prompt is the best one for you. Learn more about how to get into the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign by visiting our UIUC admission requirements page. Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now: