Summary of Homers Iliad Book XXIII

Achilles orders the Myrmidons to drive their chariots in battle formation, and they go three times around the body of Patroclus. Then they have a funeral feast. When Achilles falls asleep, the ghost of Patroclus tells him to hurry up and bury him, but also to make sure their bones are interred in the same urn. The next morning Agamemnon orders the troops to get timber. The Myrmidons cover Patroclus with locks of hair. Achilles cuts one long lock he had been growing for a river god back home, but since he will be dying soon, he cuts it for Patroclus, instead, and places it in his hands. After the men have brought the lumber, they go off to prepare a meal while the chief mourners deal with the pyre cutting piece on fat from sacrificed animals to cover the body. Various animals, including two of Patroclus dogs, and stallions, honey, oil, and the 12 young Trojans are killed and added to the pile. Achilles has to plead with the gods for adequate wind for the pyre, but he gets it and the fire doesnt die down until morning. They douse the fire with wine and then Achilles picks out Patroclus bones and puts them in a golden urn, with a protective layer of fat. Achilles faces the army in a circle and says its time for funeral games. The first game has the most elaborate prizes and is for chariot racing. Achilles says he will not compete because his horses are immortal, and so the competition would not be fair. The contenders are Eumelus, Diomedes, Menelaus, Antilochus, and Meriones. The other men make bets. Diomedes wins, but there is debate over second place because Antilochus fouled Menelaus. The next event is boxing. Epeus and Euryalus fight, with Epeus winning. Wrestling is the third event. Fairly typical, the prizes are a tripod worth 12 oxen for first prize, and a woman worth 4 oxen for the loser. Telamons son Ajax and Odysseus fight, but the result is a stalemate and Achilles tells them to share. The next event is a footrace. Oileus son Ajax, Odysseus, and Antilochus contend. Odysseus is behind, but a quick prayer to Athena brings him to first place, with Antilochus in third. The next contest is for the armor Patroclus had taken from Sarpedon. The fighters are to be in full battle gear and first wound wins. Telamons son Ajax fights with Diomedes. Again, there is a draw, although Achilles gives Diomedes the long sword. The next contest is to see who can throw a lump of pig iron the farthest. The prize is enough iron to last a long time making weapons and chariot wheels. Polypoetes, Leonteus, Telamons son Ajax, and Epeus throw it. Polypoetes wins. Iron is also the prize for an archery contest. Teucer and Meriones compete. Teucer forgets to invoke Apollo, so he misses. Meriones makes appropriate promises and wins. Achilles then sets up more prizes for spear throwing. Agamemnon and Meriones stand, but Achilles tells Agamemnon to sit down because there would be no contest since no one is better than he is. He can just take the first prize. Agamemnon gives the prize to his herald. Major Characters in Book XXIII Achilles: Best warrior and most heroic of the Greeks. After Agamemnon stole his war prize, Briseis, Achilles sat out the war until his beloved comrade Patroclus was killed. Although he knows his death is imminent, Achilles is determined to kill as many Trojans as possible, including Hector whom he blames for Patroclus death.Myrmidons: Achilles troops. Their name means ants and they were called Myrmidons because it is said that they were originally ants.Ajax: The son of Telamon and Periboea, this Ajax is the one most people refer to when talking about Ajax. He was one of the foremost fighters in the Trojan War.Ajax: Of Locris, son of Oileus. Bound by the Oath of Tyndareus and one of the Argonauts, he was in the belly of the Trojan Horse.Antilochus: A son of Nestor.Epeus: A son of Panopeus. A champion boxer.Euryalus: A son of King Mecisteus. Under Diomedes and Sthenelus.Odysseus: From Ithaca. One of the leaders of the Greeks who will vie with Ajax for the status of most worthy after Ac hilles.Patroclus: Loyal friend and companion of Achilles in the Trojan War. The son of Menoetius.Menelaus: Helens Greek husband. Menelaus is not considered a good fighter.Meriones: Son of Molus, a Cretan and the charioteer of Idomeneus.Teucer: A half-brother of Ajax and a son of Telamon.Polypoetes: Son of Pirithous. Co-commands the Lapiths.Sarpedon: King of Lycia, son of Zeus.Agamemnon: Lead king of the Greek forces, the brother of Menelaus.

Scopes Trial Creationism vs Evolution in Public School

The Scopes Monkey Trial (official name is State of Tennessee v John Thomas Scopes) began on July 10, 1925, in Dayton, Tennessee. On trial was science teacher John T. Scopes, charged with violating the Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in Tennessee public schools. Known in its day as the trial of the century, the Scopes Trial pitted two famous lawyers against one another: Beloved orator and three-time presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan for the prosecution and renowned trial attorney Clarence Darrow for the defense. On July 21, Scopes was found guilty and fined $100, but the fine was revoked a year later during the appeal to the Tennessee Supreme Court.  As the first trial was broadcast live on radio in the United States, the Scopes trial brought widespread attention to the controversy over creationism versus evolution.   Darwins Theory and the Butler Act Controversy had long surrounded Charles Darwins The Origin of Species (first published in 1859) and his later book, The Descent of Man (1871). Religious groups condemned the books, in which Darwin theorized that humans and apes had evolved, over millennia, from a common ancestor. In the decades following the publication of Darwins books, however, the theory came to be accepted and evolution was taught in most biology classes by the early 20th century. But by the 1920s, partly in response to the perceived loosening of social mores in the United States, many Southern fundamentalists (who interpreted the Bible literally) sought a return to traditional values. These fundamentalists led the charge against teaching evolution in the schools, culminating in the passage of the Butler Act in Tennessee in March 1925. The Butler Act prohibited the teaching of any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), created in 1920 to uphold the constitutional rights of U.S. citizens, sought to challenge the Butler Act by setting up a test case. In initiating a test case, the ACLU did not wait for someone to break the law; instead, they set out to find someone willing to break the law expressly for the purpose of challenging it. Through a newspaper ad, the ACLU found John T. Scopes, a 24-year-old football coach and high school science teacher at Rhea County Central High School in the small town of Dayton, Tennessee. Arrest of John T. Scopes The citizens of Dayton were not merely trying to protect biblical teachings with their arrest of Scopes; they had other motives as well. Prominent Dayton leaders and businessmen believed that the ensuing legal proceedings would draw attention to their little town and provide a boost to its economy. These businessmen had alerted Scopes to the ad placed by the ACLU and convinced him to stand trial. Scopes, in fact, usually taught math and chemistry, but had substituted for the regular biology teacher earlier that spring. He was not entirely certain that he had even taught evolution but agreed to be arrested. The ACLU was notified of the plan, and Scopes was arrested for violating the Butler Act on May 7, 1925. Scopes appeared before the Rhea County justice of the peace on May 9, 1925, and was formally charged with having violated the Butler Act—a misdemeanor. He was released on bond, paid for by local businessmen. The ACLU had also promised Scopes legal and financial assistance. A Legal Dream Team Both the prosecution and the defense secured attorneys that would be certain to attract news media to the case. William Jennings Bryan—a well-known orator, secretary of state under Woodrow Wilson, and three-time presidential candidate—would head the prosecution, while prominent defense attorney Clarence Darrow would lead the defense. Although politically liberal, 65-year-old Bryan nonetheless held conservative views when it came to religion. As an anti-evolution activist, he welcomed the opportunity to serve as prosecutor. Arriving in Dayton a few days before the trial, Bryan drew the attention of onlookers as he strolled through town sporting a white pith helmet and waving a palm-leaf fan to ward off the 90-plus degree heat. An atheist, 68-year-old  Darrow offered to defend Scopes free of charge, an offer that he had never made to anyone before and would never make again during his career. Known to prefer unusual cases, he had previously represented union activist Eugene Debs, as well as notorious admitted murderers Leopold and Loeb. Darrow opposed the fundamentalist movement, which he believed was a threat to the education of American youth. Another celebrity of sorts acquired a seat at the Scopes Trial—Baltimore Sun columnist and cultural critic H.L. Mencken, known nationally for his sarcasm and biting wit. It was Mencken who dubbed the proceedings The Monkey Trial. The small town was soon besieged with visitors, including church leaders, street performers, hot dog vendors, Bible peddlers, and members of the press. Monkey-themed memorabilia was sold on the streets and in shops. In an effort to attract business, the enterprising owner of the local drugstore sold simian sodas and brought in a trained chimp dressed in a little suit and bow tie. Both visitors and residents alike remarked on the carnival-like atmosphere in Dayton. State of Tennessee v John Thomas Scopes Begins The trial began at the Rhea County courthouse on Friday, July 10, 1925, in a sweltering second-floor courtroom packed with more than 400 observers. Darrow was astonished that the session began with a minister reading a prayer, especially given that the case featured a conflict between science and religion. He objected but was overruled. A compromise was struck, in which fundamentalist and non-fundamentalist clergy would alternate reading the prayer each day. The first day of the trial was spent selecting the jury and was followed by a weekend recess. The next two days involved debate between the defense and prosecution as to whether the Butler Act was unconstitutional, which would thereby place doubt on the validity of Scopes indictment. The prosecution made its case that the taxpayers—who funded public schools—had every right to help determine what was taught in those schools. They expressed that right, argued the prosecution, by electing legislators who made the laws governing what was taught. Darrow and his team pointed out that the law gave preference to one religion (Christianity) over any other, and allowed one particular sect of Christians—fundamentalists—to limit the rights of all others. He believed that the law would set a dangerous precedent. On Wednesday, the fourth day of the trial, Judge John Raulston denied the defenses motion to quash (nullify) the indictment. Kangaroo Court On July 15, Scopes entered his plea of not guilty. After both sides gave opening arguments, the prosecution went first in presenting its case. Bryans team set out to prove that Scopes had indeed violated Tennessee law by teaching evolution. Witnesses for the prosecution included the county school superintendent, who confirmed that Scopes had taught evolution out of A Civic Biology, the state-sponsored textbook cited in the case. Two students also testified that they had been taught evolution by Scopes. Under cross-examination by Darrow, the boys conceded that they had suffered no harm from the instruction, nor had either left his church because of it. After only three hours, the state rested its case. The defense maintained that science and religion were two different disciplines and should thus be kept separate. Their presentation began with the expert testimony of zoologist Maynard Metcalf. But because the prosecution objected to the use of expert testimony, the judge took the unusual step of hearing the testimony without the jury present. Metcalf explained that nearly all of the prominent scientists he knew agreed that evolution was a fact, not merely a theory. At Bryans urging, however, the judge ruled that none of the remaining eight expert witnesses be allowed to testify. Angered by that ruling, Darrow made a sarcastic comment to the judge. Darrow was hit with a contempt citation, which the judge later dropped after Darrow apologized to him. On July 20, the court proceedings were moved outside to the courtyard, due to the judges concern that the courtrooms floor might collapse from the weight of hundreds of spectators. Cross-Examination of William Jennings Bryan Unable to call any of his expert witnesses to testify for the defense, Darrow made the highly unusual decision to call prosecutor William Jennings Bryan to testify. Surprisingly—and against the advice of his colleagues—Bryan agreed to do so. Once again, the judge inexplicably ordered the jury to leave during the testimony. Darrow questioned Bryan on various biblical details, including whether he thought the Earth had been created in six days. Bryan responded that he didnt believe it was actually six 24-hour days. Spectators in the courtroom gasped—if the Bible were not to be taken literally, that might open the door for the concept of evolution. An emotional Bryan insisted that Darrows only purpose in questioning him was to ridicule those who believed in the Bible and to make them appear foolish. Darrow replied that he was, in fact, trying to keep bigots and ignoramuses from being in charge of educating the youth of America. Upon further questioning, Bryan seemed uncertain and contradicted himself several times. The cross-examination soon turned into a shouting match between the two men, with Darrow emerging as the apparent victor. Bryan had been coerced into admitting—more than once—that he did not take the Bibles story of creation literally. The judge called for an end to the proceedings and later ordered that Bryans testimony be stricken from the record. The trial was over; now the jury—which had missed key parts of the trial—would decide. John Scopes, largely ignored for the duration of the trial, had not been called to testify on his own behalf. Verdict On the morning of Tuesday, July 21, Darrow asked to address the jury before they left to deliberate. Fearing that a not guilty verdict would rob his team of the chance to file an appeal (another opportunity to fight the Butler Act), he actually asked the jury to find Scopes guilty. After only nine minutes of deliberation, the jury did just that. With Scopes having been found guilty, Judge Raulston imposed a fine of $100. Scopes came forward and politely told the judge that he would continue to oppose the Butler Act, which he believed interfered with academic freedom; he also protested the fine as unjust. A motion was made to appeal the case and was granted. Aftermath Five days after the trial ended, the great orator and statesman, William Jennings Bryan, still in Dayton, died at the age of 65. Many said he died of a broken heart after his testimony had cast doubt upon his fundamentalist beliefs, but he had actually died of a stroke likely brought on by diabetes. A year later, Scopes case was brought before the Tennessee Supreme Court, which upheld the constitutionality of the Butler Act. Ironically, the court overturned Judge Raulstons ruling, citing a technicality that only a jury—not a judge—could impose a fine greater than $50. John Scopes returned to college and studied to become a geologist. He worked in the oil industry and never taught high school again. Scopes died in 1970 at the age of 70. Clarence Darrow returned to his law practice, where he worked on several more high-profile cases. He published a successful autobiography in 1932 and died of heart disease in 1938 at the age of 80. A fictionalized version of the Scopes Trial, Inherit the Wind, was made into a play in 1955 and a well-received movie in 1960. The Butler Act remained on the books until 1967, when it was repealed. Anti-evolution statutes were ruled unconstitutional in 1968 by the U.S. Supreme Court in Epperson v Arkansas. The debate between creationist and evolutionary proponents, however, continues to this day, when battles are still being fought over the content in science textbooks and school curricula.

Challenges Faced By Indias Education System Education Essay Free Essays

Merely Imagine. A universe where every child participates on a degree instruction system, disputing themselves and others, and accomplishing wagess and awards for using themselves, no affair what their societal, economic, or geographic temperament. Every adult male is but the merchandise of his beliefs, and what he thinks, he becomes. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges Faced By Indias Education System Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is believed that India is unambiguously positioned to accomplish a important competitory advantage in the universe economic system by being among the first to implement a level instruction system for its full people before the terminal of the following decennary. This end can be accomplished by partnering with engineering to develop a complete free unfastened beginning instruction solution for its people and peoples of the universe. For over 3000 old ages the â€Å" sage on a phase † most instructional attack has dominated human civilization and instruction theoretical accounts.[ 1 ]Education is now emerging as schools, instructors and pupils have begun to use engineering, open to all attack in instruction. Today engineering can play a intense function in making a instruction system converge to unify disparate and staccato instruction systems into a individual planetary acquisition platform. India ‘s instruction system is confronting challenges that may be one of the biggest confronting any state in the twenty-first Century. Faced with the fastest population growing and hapless proficient substructure in rural parts, India must happen a cost effectual solution for educating its people.[ 2 ]The traditional instruction solution is n’t traveling to be equal to get the better of the educational challenges it is confronting. Under that theoretical account, India would necessitate to construct new schools, train and retain instructors, purchase books and collateral supplies, maintain these stuffs current and put in topographic point more bureaucratism that leads to of all time intensifying costs at the forfeit to instruction. Therefore, a technological solution for it s full people demands to be identified, actualized and implemented. And most significantly how can we make it for less than it is presently bing India? The Real Challenges Today, India ‘s instruction system is designed to overload the students with excessively much ‘knowledge ‘ or theory and the focal point is to enable them to better their memory accomplishments instead than enabling them to be innovative/creative/practical.[ 3 ] The current system is designed to make a hierarchal society, with merely a little subdivision hiting really high Markss ; the balance gets fed up with the humdrum and irrelevant instruction system, coercing them to stop their surveies. India has made elephantine springs in the field of telecommunication and engineering. There is barely any small town in India which is left out from this exhilaration. This engineering has non touched the instruction system to supply ‘remote learning ‘ installations or online cognition sharing. The urban sectors are more concentrated on, whereas engineering can touch lives and enable instruction across the rural sectors every bit good. The cultural differences between the urban and rural subdivisions of people in India ; this creates barriers for people in the rural sector, who are more docile in nature and it takes great attempts for them to open up, replying in category, or doing their thoughts heard The entree to uniform instruction content, particularly video and multi-media. content will enable remotion of disparities. This will neutralize the sick effects of absentee instructors. Limited entree to engineering, where merely a few can afford. Other Challenges Despite attempts to integrate all subdivisions of the population into the Indian instruction system, through mechanisms such as positive favoritism and non-formal instruction, big Numberss of immature people are still without schooling. Although registration in primary instruction has increased, it is estimated that at least 35 million, and perchance every bit many as 60 million, kids aged 6-14 old ages are non in school. Severe gender, regional, and caste disparities besides exist. The chief jobs are the high drop-out rate, particularly after Class 10, low degrees of acquisition and accomplishment, unequal school substructure, ill working schools, high instructor absenteeism, the big figure of instructor vacancies, hapless quality of instruction and unequal financess. Other groups of kids aˆ-at hazard ‘ , such as orphans, child-laborers, street kids and victims of public violences and natural catastrophes, do non needfully hold entree to schools. No Common School System Furthermore, there is no common school system ; alternatively kids are channeled into private, government-aided and authorities schools on the footing of ability to pay and societal category.[ 4 ]At the top terminal are English-language schools affiliated to the upscale CBSE ( Central Board of Secondary Education ) , CISCE ( Council for the Indian Schools Certificates Examination ) and IB ( International Baccalaureate ) scrutiny boards, offering globally recognized course of studies and course of study. Those who can non afford private schooling attend English-language government-aided schools, affiliated to state-level scrutiny boards. And on the bottom round is ill managed authorities or municipal schools, which cater for the kids of the hapless bulk. Therefore, while instruction for all is safeguarded by the Constitution, and a bulk of people can now entree educational resources, the quality of the instruction that immature people in Indian receive varies widely harmonizing to the ir agencies and background. Education for all -The Advantages Technology and Learning when together will majorly aid better many of the jobs confronting India by making a complete instruction system -for every pupil, immature or old, rich or hapless, urban or rural. Technology and Learning can enable instruction that is non any longer limited to a peculiar part or age group. It will be larning anything, anytime, and anyplace from multiple governments from the comfort of your place, small town, town, metropolis from any web-enabled device. It will be about playing exciting e-games that emphasize the subjects cardinal points you merely watched or listened excessively. It will be about pupils being able to gain and pass wages points for accomplishing ends and mileposts, or finishing assignments and linking with others in practical schoolrooms. It will impart a assisting manus in the procedure of designation of superb planetary pupils populating in small towns of India, based on their ability to interact within an intelligent e-learning environment.[ 5 ] There will be new functions for schools – it can intend the terminal of thoughtless rating trials, classs and opprobrious certifications. Educational establishments, schools, colleges that will go the Eden for networking, cognition application and mentoring. There will be shift in acquisition, so will at that place be a alteration in the manner schools and colleges operate. Our instructors will go more focussed on learning job work outing techniques, critical thought accomplishments and societal and interpersonal accomplishments. Teachers will no longer necessitate to be experts in capable countries. Alternatively experts will be presenting their idea and thoughts straight to the pupils. Teachers will go more similar wise mans and counsel counsellors to their pupils and as a consequence India will be able to develop more instructors faster, and retain them, assisting to increase the instructor to student ratio in categories. It will so go easy to make and present a complete unfastened course-ware online instruction media solution to any web enabled device. It will supply enormous efficiencies by leting a planetary community of partisans, instructors and practicians to develop unfastened class ware. It will extinguish the demand to repeatedly make lesson programs, and local and regional control of educational content will go a thing of the yesteryear. Merely as communities of authors sort out subjects on Wikipedia a community of planetary pedagogues will screen out the order in which acquisition should come on for every topic. There will be more avenues available to more people on occupation preparation and professional preparation plans that traditionally were limited to specialised organisations. Some facts about Learning A ; Technology: Learning is a profoundly personal act that is facilitated when larning experiences are relevant, dependable, and prosecuting. During those early yearss of e-learning, we learned the difficult manner that merely constructing a acquisition system that could be accessed over the Internet did non vouch that people would hold much demand for, or involvement in, the classs and plans, irrespective of the supplier.[ 6 ]We learned that shoveling courseware online did non supply anyone module, pupils, or decision makers with an on-line experience that was much more than boring electronic page-turning. Sometimes we learned the difficult manner that making larning unto othersaˆ- could rapidly de-motivate and withdraw the really people we had hoped to function. Different sorts of larning demand appropriate schemes, tools, and resources. Concrete operational acquisition can be facilitated utilizing representational media, whereas learning complex problem-solving such as executing surgery or se t downing an aeroplane may be far better served by leting scholars to pattern developing those accomplishments in a safe, riskless practical environment. Having just-in-time entree to information, even in a flat-file, text-based signifier, may be far preferred to holding no entree to any information at all. Questions about media rightness from a pure cognitive position are likely to be mitigated by aesthetic and experience quality prosodies. More than 20 old ages of empirical grounds underlines that there is no such thing as a one-size-fits-allaˆ- engineering solution for acquisition. Therefore, engineering engages scholars by structuring and forming information, by exposing and showing processs and operations. It can assist do a learning experience more memorable and can assist associate new information to that which is already known.[ 7 ]Therefore, engineering can assist beef up learner motive, focal point attending, make a learning minute more memorable, or show the relevance of larning to public presentation ; the greater is the likeliness that engineering will hold a direct positive consequence on acquisition. Impact On Indian Armed Forces These suggested methods will convey in quality work force to execute emphasis full responsibilities and technologically oriented manpower to cover with future cahllenges.Indian instruction if improved from grass root degree will greatly profit the manner we need to develop work force. It will besides assist us cut down the preparation clip and better soaking up of modern arms. Sometimes deployed armed forces forces wish to foster their instruction, or take to hold a different pick of calling after their responsibility ends. A perfect manner for them to accomplish this mark is through an distance larning plan. This will be good in the sense that they would be on responsibility and can prosecute their instruction without holding to go to regular college classes.Growing picks of colledges foe immature childs gives them and helps armed force forces to prosecute higher surveies which in long tally benefits services. Military proper instruction and preparation is a procedure which intends to set up and better the capablenesss of military forces in their several functions. Military instruction can be voluntary or mandatory responsibility. Before any individual gets mandate to run proficient equipment or be on the conflict field, they must take a medical and frequently a physical trial. The primary preparation is recruit preparation. Recruit developing efforts to learn the basic information and preparation in techniques necessary to be an effectual service member. After completing basic preparation, many service members undergo advanced preparation more in line with their chosen or assigned fortes. This scope from developing to surveies of arms. In advanced preparation, military engineering and equipment is frequently taught. Many big states have several military academies, one for each subdivision of the service, that offer college grades in a assortment of topics, similar to other colleges. Howev er, academy alumnuss normally rank as officers, and as such have many options besides civilian work in their major topic. This in short describes the inservice preparation imparted to all ranks in armed forces. The above mentioned rhythm can be shortened or efficiency improved if proper instruction is provided to all forces. How to cite Challenges Faced By Indias Education System Education Essay, Essay examples

Digestive System of Humans Protein Digestion of Human Body

Question: Discuss about the Digestive System of Humans for Protein Digestion of Human Body? Answer: Introduction The food that we eat is acted upon by a group of organs together that helps in converting food into body energy and nutrients while feeds the entire body to grow and develop. This process is known as digestion and all the organs that help in digestion together constitute the digestive system of the body. In the initial step, food from mouth enters a long tube called the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal (GI) tract which is a combination of few parts like oral crater pharynx, throat, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. There are few accessory organs also that play an important role in digestion of food for e.g. teeths, tongue, saliva glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. (Taylor, 2015) Mechanism When we eat food items like meat, fried chips, junk food, vegetables etc. which are not in form that body can use for its nourishment, therefore these needs to be first broken down into smaller molecules before getting absorbed and entering the blood stream. The process of digestion work upon it to mix it well with fluid and juices, break it into smaller parts and move it along the gastrointestinal pathway. (Dummies, 2016) Gastrointestinal tract The gastrointestinal tract is a series of organs linked together after each other to perform a specific function in the process of digestion. These include- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus. Apart from given names, few necessary organs that support the process in breaking it down into smaller portions are-teeth and tongue, salivary glands, gall bladder, liver, pancreas. Gastrointestinal tract Process of digestion This complete process is carried out with the help of muscles that are present along the walls of organs to facilitate its movement in the downward direction. Complex movements of organs like esophagus, stomach and intestines is known as peristalsis. Peristalsis is a sequence of spontaneous reactions-like muscle contractions which move food along the digestive tract. Peristaltic movement of walls of intestine Peristaltic movement helps in pushing the food and liquid forward towards the hollow organs with the supporting action of muscle contraction and relaxation. (Dennett, 2015) First, food from the mouth enters the esophagus or the food pipe and soon the working of muscles start which is involuntary in nature. Its acts as a passage and prevents back flow of food with the help of a valve at its both ends. Food then passes into the stomach and is received by soft smooth muscles in its upper part. Secondly, the stomach first receives the complex food form like large pieces of chicken, chips etc, then breaks it and mixes it with liquid and juices secreted by the stomach itself and then finally propels it to the large intestine through a small curved pipe-like structure known as duodenum. In the stomach only partial digestion takes place which is further carried out in the intestines. Along with the peristalsis there are certain other kinds of movements seen in the walls of the intestine such as segmentation and pendular movements. These pendular movements are done by the longitudinal muscles of the intestinal wall which are responsible for contracting and relaxing the walls. Pendular Movements of the Intestinal Wall. It is because of such type of movements that the food, get mixed up thoroughly with the digestive juices and processes next into the intestines to complete the process of digestion. When the food gets churned up by the stomach walls and degraded by juices produced by the stomach that were initially eaten as meat, chips and other things is now turned into a thick soupy mass called, chyme. The useful nutrients that are absorbed by the specialized cells in the lining of intestines grab sugar, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins and minerals back into the body for energy and growth. These extracted nutrients may also serve as building blocks for newer tissues to develop. The complete and complex process of digestion is governed with a series of enzymes, juices, muscles, organs etc which all work together to get the complex food digested completely in a messy way and ends up with the discharge of waste and unwanted stuff from the body in the form of faeces. News letter hemical digestion is a progression by which the food taken by a human body is reduced to a minimal size where the nutrients from the food can be absorbed easily in the blood stream with the help of certain enzymes, saliva and digestive juices. When the food reaches the mouth, the hormone system gets triggered and starts releasing enzymes which help in digesting the food particles. There are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, lipids etc found in the food which gets digested separately, each in a different manner. Most of the protein is broken down by the enzyme called pepsin. An enzyme amylase helps in the digestion of carbohydrates, which begin in their mouth in the very early stage. These initial stages of digestion can last for several hours depending on different species but it generally lasts for one to two hours in humans. (Geek, 2016) Digestion of proteins The digestion of proteins begins in the stomach body parts and finishes in the small intestine with the help of enzyme pepsin (protease in gastric juice) and nerve signals. The breakdown of proteins occurs at different sites- stomach, duodenum and SI. Here proteins are first broken down into polypeptides, then to peptides and finally these peptides break into amino acids. (Annigan, 2016) Chewing protein rich food, especially the tough ones like meat or whole grains allows the digestive process to occur at a more rapid speed. The food when enters the stomach gets exposed to a harsh acidic environment which denatures proteins so that enzymes can act on it, and also inactivates any harmful micro-organisms ingested along with the food. The protein when broken into peptide in the stomach now moves to the small intestine where a neutral (Ph) environment encourages activity of protein-digesting enzymes. These help in further breakage of peptides into amino acids. The amino acids gets absorbed into the blood and passed to the liver from where they get distributed throughout the body. These usable amino acids act as nutrients available to cells and helps in muscle continuation, support immunity function, red blood cell formation, hormone synthesis and tissue repair. Digestion of carbohydrates The digestion of carbohydrates starts from the mouth. The consumed food is first moisturized with saliva secreted by the salivary glands, where an enzyme salivary amylase is released to split the polysaccharides present in the carbohydrate food. After the food is chewed into smaller pieces, it will be swallowed and passed through the esophagus into the stomach. This paste of food is known as chyme. The acids produced in the stomach demolish the bacteria available in the food and also stops the action of salivary amylase . Pancreatic amylase, an enzyme released from the pancreas breaks these polysaccharides into a disaccharide in which only two sugars are linked together. Further, the enzymes lactase, sucrose and maltase (enzyme secreted by small intestine) act together and result in the breakdown of disaccharide into monosaccharide. These are single sugar molecules which get easily absorbed into the blood stream. (Kaiser, 2016) The leftover undigested carbohydrate reaches the colon (large intestine) and gets broken down by the bacteria present in the intestinal walls and turns it into fiber which is finally expelled out of the body in the form of faeces. Digestion of lipids Like carbohydrates and proteins, lipids also need to be broken down into smaller components for easy absorption. These are generally large and are not soluble in water. Their digestion starts in the mouth where they act with saliva and start the process of emulsification, facilitated by the action of enzyme lingual lipase. As a result of this the fat particles gets converted into tiny droplets and separates from water components present in the mixture. After the passage of food from mouth into the stomach, through the esophagus, gastric lipase breaks down triglycerols into diglycerides and fatty acids. The fat molecules gets dispersed by the contraction and churning movements of the stomach and results in further emulsification of these diglycerides. A very small quantity of fat digestion occurs in the stomach during the process. In the small intestine, the separated fat combines with the watery fluids of the intestine with the help of bile. Bile contains bile salts, cholesterol constituents and lecithin. Once pancreatic lipase enters the small intestine, it further breaks fats available into free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Here they are wrapped around with the bile salt to form micelles thus releasing fat compounds into the cells of digestive tract lining. Essay on Metabolism of products of digestion The nutrients when digested thoroughly in the gastrointestinal tract gets absorbed into the blood stream and reaches the hepatic portal system which helps in transporting it to the liver for the further process. This is a result of a diffusion process which allows the smaller particles to cross the membrane lining from a region of their higher concentration to the region of their lower concentration, and thus reach the capillary from where they enter the hepatic portal system easily. Absorption Mechanism of Metabolized Products From the liver, all the glucose gained travels to each and every cell of the body (which is basically the prime of energy to the body) and this function is carried out with the help of insulin which is highly responsible for the uptake of glucose into the cells. Further, the metabolic breakdown of glucose occurs which is known as glycolysis (glycol-glucose: lysis-breakdown) that takes place in nearly all the tissues. This helps in converting glucose into pyruvate which is acidic in nature. Similar to glycolysis a more complex process called fructolysis (fructo-fructose: lysis-breakdown) also occurs which is the metabolism of fructose which occurs only in the liver. Both these processes of glycolysis and fructolysis result in aerobic or anaerobic respiration which produces high quantity of energy to meet the demands of body. Apart from providing energy to the body there is a storage system also available so that energy saved can be used at any point of time whenever required. In this, the glucose molecules gets linked together through strong chemical bonds and form long chains and gets stored in the liver and muscles fibers. These can be hydrolyzed back into glucose at the time of need especially between meals or when the sugar levels are low during long hours of sleep. This process is known as glycogenesis. (Wang, 2005) The digestion of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids occurs at a result of metabolism which chiefly refers to those chemical reactions that occur while breaking complex molecules into simpler structures so that they can be digested easily. All metabolic reactions that take place can be categorized into two main types that are anabolic and catabolic reactions. When the bigger particles are broken down into smaller ones accompanied with the release of energy, such type of processes are said to come under catabolic reactions, whereas, when this released energy is used by the body for performing various tasks, for warming body and also for developing new molecules for growth and repair, such processes come under anabolic type of reactions. Reactions are necessary to occur as bigger molecules are unable to cross the membrane barrier of the cells therefore can result in decreased digestion and absorption. To utilize the released energy in a proper way by all the cells of the body for better functioning and development, anabolic reactions are very likely to occur. In other words we can say that a complete set of reactions that takes place to complete the various stages in the process of digestion is said to be as metabolism. (Wright, 2004) Conclusion In the above stated text, we have discussed about how complex food particles like chicken, chips fried in batter and coke gets digested in the human body and move along the gastrointestinal pathway. The process of digestion is distributed evenly to all the organs involved in the digestive process. The muscles and the juices secreted by these organs play a very important role in digestion and its metabolism. The digestion of carbohydrates, fats and lipids is a complex phenomenon which involves breakage of larger particles into the smaller ones with the help of enzymes, chemical reactions and juices. 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